Defending Mersult Essay Example for Free

Defending Mersult Es ordinateWhat is justice? Is it when a persons demise makes hostelry feel better? Or is it when a suspect gets acquitted of all charges brought against him? Wherever there is justice there is obscurity. No matter how it is looked at, there is no real justice in the discriminatory system. In Albert Camus The Stranger the narrator, Meursault, is being trialed for the murder of a man he encounters at the beach. At his trial, the prosecuting attorney makes frequently of Meursaults demeanor and the prosecutor focuses on irrelevant information like Meursaults failure to properly show grief at his own mystifys recent funeral. The prosecutor based the trial on events which had taken place prior to the murder.Even though, his points did not have the connection with the murder which the pursuance maintained. Therefore, the prosecutor created an unfair trial, by not giving Meursalt adequate time to speak in his own defense, bringing up irrelevant situations such a s his relationship with his m another(prenominal) and his beliefs. Meursault was not given the chance to defend himself because of questions from the prosecutor and lack of knowledge of his lawyer. The case was rather built upon his lack of feelings towards his mothers death and his choice not to believe in God.Typically, throughout a trial, the defendant is given time on the witness stand to plea innocence, and exempt why he committed the crime. Meursault, however, stood before the judge and was asked yes or no questions. This left him with little or no time to plead his case. Before he could say anything else, he was back on his way to the jail. Meursault said, I didnt even have time to think. I was taken out, put into the van, and driven to prison (Camus88). At first he did not know what was going on, but knew he wanted to say something.Then every time he would try to say something, his lawyer would simply say Just keep quiet- it wont do your case any good (Camus98). Meursaults lawyer would not let him say anything, and this bothered Meursault. Every now and then, during the trial, Meursault would have the urge to stand up and yell in his head, Wait a minute Whos the impeach here? Being the accused counts for something. And I have something to say (Camus98).This made Meursault feel alienated from the trial that was going to determine the rest of his carriage.The prosecutor had involved his personal feelings near Meursaults beliefs into the case, which was by all odds not needed. The prosecutor had repeatedly asked Meursault about his belief in God, and eventually got agitated because Meursault did not believe in God. drawing himself up to his full altitude and asking me if I believed in God. I said no. Do you want my life to be meaningless? he shouted(Camus69). The prosecutor had suddenly no right to bring personal feelings about Meursalt into the case.He clearly was mad and irritated, because Meursault did not believe in God. The prosecutor was o ffended at the particular that, he had no belief, because of this he began to mock Meursault. Thats all for today, Monsieur Meursalt (Camus 71). As a prosecutor you are there to do your job, and not to build relationships or hatred for people. However the prosecutor had allowed Meursaults views to dictate the outcome of the trial. The prosecutor went about the whole trial, asking Meursault, his acquaintances and also his friends personal questions about his relationships with people.The prosecutor focused mainly on the irreverent events that had happened prior to the trial. The prosecutor focused on his reaction to his mothers death and relationship with her. Firstly, Meursault is a human race being with a lack of emotions. Maybe most of the people will get freaked out or think that he is a monster, but he actually isnt. For example, he loves his mother and care for his girlfriend Marie, but he just doesnt have the strong emotions for them. He doesnt cry on his mothers funeral, he thinks marrying another girl will be the same. However Meursault lifestyle is indifferent, its quite hard for him to show emotions, on the other hand, because of this Meursault should not be judge. Nonetheless the prosecutor somehow found his relationship, with his loved ones to be relevant to the case, when it was not.He asked me why I had put Maman in the home. I answered I didnt havent money to have her looked after and cared for(Camus88). As one may see, the prosecutor had personalized the case by asking him why he had put his mother in a home. Meursault inability to care for his mother was irreverent, however because the prosecutor may had feel that Meursault is monster for put his mother in a home, he wanted everyone else to have the same perspective.The case had end up focusing on the relationship his mother and how big(a) of a son he was to her, rather than the killing of the Arab. The prosecutor had brought the director in to witnesses, badgering the director with unnece ssary questions about the relationship. He had asked whether Maman ever complained about meTo another question he replied that he had been surprised by my calm the day of the funeral(Camus89). As it is shown the prosecutor was more interested by Meursault lack of emotions and lifestyle. passim the whole trial the prosecutor was more so trying to prove everyone that Meursault was a bad son and self centered person.In conclusion the judicial system may definitely be corrupted at times and proceed unfair sentences. Just as Meursaults trial which was based on emotions of the prosecutor rather than the facts of the day of the killing. The prosecutor relied on events prior to that day, which were absolutely not significant to the ruling. Meursaults relationship with his mother and how he had decided to proceed with his life had no connection to the trial. The prosecutor had also not given Meursault an ample amount of time to answer or prepare for is questions, it happened all so dissipa ted for Meursault. As a result, he created an unfair trial and unrelated points against Meursault. All in all the interpretation of these events, provided by the prosecution was largely unfounded.

Humans Cause Global Warming Essay Example for Free

Humans Cause spheric Warming EssayToday we argon debating the all-important(prenominal) topic of world-wide warm up. As the affirmative team, we strongly believe that global warming is caused by the actions of public. But this is not just a belief, this is a fact. Global warming, by definition, is a gradual increase in the overall temperature of the earths atmosphere generally attributed to the nursery effect caused by increased levels of carbon dioxide, CFCs, and other pollutants.The glasshouse effect is the trapping of the suns warmth in a planets lower atmosphere due to the greater transp argonncy of the atmosphere to visible radiation from the sun than to infrared frequency radiation emitted from the planets surface. In simpler terms, this means that the pollution emitted from the earth, such as the gasses from factories, cars etc. enter the atmosphere and the co2 from these gases absorb the heat from the sun and intern warms the climate.The pollution or carbon dioxi de enter the Earths atmosphere and absorb heat from the sun, heating the environment, therefore an increase in co2 means an increase in heat, this effecting in bigger problem for global warming. The main producer of this pollution and greenhouse gases are ofcourse serviceman, our environment and climate are the ones that have to pay for the humanly actions do global warming. Scientists have determined that a number of human activities are contributing to global warming by adding excessive amounts of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere.These gases such as carbon dioxide (co2) accummulate in the atmosphere and trap heat that normally would exit into outer space. The main source of excess greenhouse gases is the human use of dodo fuels. The burning of fossil fuels to generate energy for example driving cars, using electricity from coal-fired power plants, or heating homes with oil or natural gas, humans release carbon dioxide and other heat-trapping gases into the atmosphere. Over 1 00 years ago the co2 level was 35% less than it is currently and since the beginning of the industrial revelution, has been increase gradually.Nowadays modern society is producing more co2 and other gases than ever before, this being the result of the economic problem, with humans having unlimited wants and needs that can only if be produced in a way that influences global warming. (Figure 1) Another significant source of greenhouse gases is deforestation, this is because fewer trees means less carbon dioxide conversion to oxygen. (Figure 2)Deforestation in rainforests add more co2 to the atmosphere than the sum total of most vehicles on roads.In fact 25-30%,of the gases released into the atmosphere each year is a result of deforestation. The reason that logging is so bad for the climate is that when trees, which are 50 percent carbon, are burned or felled they release the carbon they are storing into the air, where it mingles with greenhouse gases from other sources and contribute s to global warming. As humans, we do not take our actions into precaution and many of us act before thinking. This is the same situation with global warming and because of this, the result is negative.Global warming affects not only our climate but the environment and air mankind needs for survival, however how can us humans survive when we are the ones destroying our planet and risking our own lives. Greenhouse gases can stay in the atmosphere for an amount of years ranging from decades to hundreds or thousands of years. No matter what we do, global warming is going to have some effect on Earth. These effects range from diseases and economic consquences to different types of hazzards. (Figure 3) Floods, hurricanes, tsunamis, they are all weathering patterns that are directly altered by the differences in temperature.Most of them are occuring due to high sea level or heavy rainfall. This was seen in 2004 and 2005. (Figure 4) It can be a destroy shock for crops and other agricultu re, and also bring death and injury to humans and animals through accidents, hypothermia and starving. It may seem illogical at first to attribute harsher gelid weather to global warming, but a change in atmospheric patterns brought about by receding glacial ice can lead to the redirection of resister air currents and the suns rays being absorbed by the larger areas of dark blue sea.However this process can also be reversed to achieve opposite results. (Figure 5) Some areas suffer serious droughts and heat waves and the severity of these hazzards are increasing by large numbers. Countries such as Africa and India recieve the worst of these affects, since water is already a dangerous rare essential. (Figure 6) As the planet draw outs to become warmer and warmer as global warming increases and the dry lands that are already susceptible to wildfires are likely to be ravaged by even more frequent and destructive episodes.In 2007, more than 3,000 fires brought destruction to Southea stern Europe thanks to a long summer that created arid and parched conditions, a situation that would become normal as a consequence of the greenhouse effect. As countries warm, disease carrying insects migrate, speech their diseases with them. Climate greatly influences some of the most deadly and widespread diseases currently affecting millions of people across the world with the spread of diseases like Malaria, West Nile virus and Dengue fever to parts of the planet.With greatly reduced rainfall, more severe droughts and loss of soil fertility, food and water supplies would soon diminish, resulting in higher prices, famine, disease, malnutrition, starvation and, ultimately, death. These effects spell one thing for the countries of the world economic consequences. Hazzards cause billions of dollars in damage, diseases cost money to treat and control and conflicts aggravate all of these. thither is simply no other mechanism that can explain the significantly altered climate path a nd the changes in the radiative forcing other than human causes.Animals are a major source that are affected by the influences of global warming, some not only lose their habitat and homes, but also suffer in the drastic measures that humans have put them up against. Animals such as polar bears and penguins are the most obvious evidence of consequences of having warmer climates. (Figure 7) They and other animals that are dependent on cold enviornments retreat to more northerly locations as the planet heats up, leading to encroachment upon other eco-systems and displacement of other animals from their natural habitat.Animals that are driven from their natural habitats or normal migration routes by environmental factors could easily come into contact with human settlements, leading to many deaths among humans and already peril animals. (Figure 8) The worlds oceans absorb roughly 30% of all carbon dioxide that seeps into the atmosphere, and so inevitably, as more gases are released, o cean life will continue to suffer the negative consequences placed upon them by human actions.

The Women Of Beowulf

The Women Of BeowulfAn epic tale of heroes and monsters, the story of Beowulf is filled with excitement and adventure, moreover Beowulfs importance goes far beyond that of estimable an excellent literary piece. It also offers many insights into the world of the seventh-century Anglo-Saxon culture. ace of the things that is very prevalent in Beowulf is how women ar portrayed and expected to act in this society. Anglo-Saxon women that are peaceful and unassertive are considered to be following their roles in society, by greeting guests and religious service mead to the men in the mead hall. One such example of the Anglo-Saxon women following this role is Welthow, the queen of the Danes. Women are also portrayed on the opposite set aside of the spectrum a perfect example of this would be Grendels arrive. She is a unanimous and fierce monster whom Beowulf must kill. By reading about these 2 women in Beowulf, we preempt understand the different ways women are portrayed in this society. Throughout the story of Beowulf, the author subtly supports the traditional Anglo-Saxon views of women by praising the actions of Welthow, denounce Grendels aim, and showing the need to stop feminine forces like Wyrd however, the author also contradicts these views on a few rare occasions by sympathizing with Grendels mother, allowing Welthow to assert herself in support of her family.In the story of Beowulf, Welthow is by far the one that one would think of when they picture a natural Anglo-Saxon women in these times. The instance that best(p) demonstrates this is after they all return to Hrothgar. Then Welthow, Hrothgars g experienced-ringed queen, greeted the warriors a noble woman who knew what was right, she raised a flowing cup to Hrothgar first, holding it high for the lord of the Danes to drink, lack him joy in the feast. She thanked god for answering her prayers, for allowing her hands the happy duty of offering mead to the heros. (Raffel 28-29) This passage gives a detailed example of what is expected of women in these times. til now on into later years, Women were still expected and encouraged to serve drinks. The wife grew the grapes, harvested the grapes, made the wine, and sold the wine(Collins 26). Even though she is operating as a typical Anglo-Saxon woman she is still a queen. This is evident in her role from that of a traditional Anglo-Saxon woman to a peace maker when she gives a toast in the meadhall Celebrate his courage, rejoice and be generous while a kingdom sits in your palm, a people and power that death provide steal. I know your nephews kindness I know hell replay in kind the goodness you have shown him. (Raffel 51-52) With everyone gathered for the toast, Hrothulf would have snatch thoughts about betraying his family and taking the throne. In another similar way, in the poem Les Voeux de Paon, a family is quarreling and with the help of a young woman peacemaker, they put down their disagreements, Elyses, a young w oman, goes to each knight asking for them to vow to discharge their obligations to arms(Murphy 6) She continues to gently persuade each of them until they all give in to laying down their weapons. However, on the other end of the spectrum we have Grendels mother. Grendels mother defies the traditional role of an Anglo-Saxon woman by being powerful and aggressive. The main difference between Welthow and Grendels mother is that Welthows influence is much more subtle and nonviolent than that of Grendels mother. Being a monster, Grendels mother possesses great warrior-strength (Raffel 57). Grendels mother attacks Herot. Shed taken Hrothgars closest friend, The man he most loved of all men on earth, The wise old kind, trembled in anger and grief, his dearest friend and adviser dead (Raffel 57). The next morning, Beowulf follows her tracks put up to her underwater lair. Beowulf goes into her underwater lair and they fight. However Beowulf did not consider the enormous strength she would have. In order to defeat Grendel, Beowulf grabs one of his arms and rips off on the other hand, Grendels mother fights with Beowulf and almost defeats him. Beowulf only wins the fight because of divine intervention, The ruler of the world, showed me, hanging shining and beautiful on a wall, a mighty old sword (Raffel 71) When later recounting his battle with Grendels mother, he says she fought with such strength that would surpass any man.Despite Beowulf being the hero and Grendels mother being portrayed as a monster, he creates sympathy for Grendels mother by accepting her motive for vengeance and suggesting a close mother-son bond. When Grendels mother is first introduced, she is depicted as a mother mourning her son and out for vengeance. It shows some reason for her attack instead of just being evil. The author continues to build sympathy for Grendels mother by presenting her as having a clear emotional bond with her son. After her attack on Herot, Grendels mother takes the arm of her slain son. Further evidence of the strong emotional attachment between the two is the fact that Beowulf finds Grendels dead body in his mothers underwater lair. The last we hear of Grendel, he is fleeing from Herot with a mortal wound. One can only assume that Grendels mother was mourning the death of her son and unable to let him go.The continued reinforcement of appropriate female roles by presenting two separate and opposing supernatural forces that strongly influence the plot of Beowulf a masculine God and a feminine Wyrd, suggesting that feminine forces require suppression. Wyrd is a murky force that acts as a fate, bringing the heroes of Beowulf ever closer to agony and death however, God protects Beowulf and helps him in battle. Wyrd works to bring disorder and doom to Beowulf, just as Grendels mother wages war on Hrothgar and his kingdom. Beowulf is able to kill Grendels mother, ending her influence, however he is unable to do anything about the Wyrd except to scen e to God for help.The story of Beowulf helps paint a picture of what it must have been like to be an Anglo-Saxon woman in those times. The woman who followed the traditional roles are considered good and those who dont are cast out as monsters.Raffel, Burton. Beowulf. 2nd ed. London Signet Classic, 2008. Print.Collins, James. French Historical Studies. French Historical Studies. 16.2 Print.Murphy, Michael. English Studies. English Studies. 66.2 105. Print.

How gender is vital factor when explaining criminal behaviours

How grammatical gender is vital factor when explaining wrong behavioursIn this essay the topic of how gender is a vital factor when explaining criminal behaviours will be, examined and analysed, to bring in the actual extent of genders impact on such behaviours. Gender refers to the opportunities and social attri andes associated with being fe man worry or male. Different societies have different attributes and responsibilities assigned to males and womanishs they ar socially constructed and are learnt through the socialization process. Gender also determines what is expected of a man or muliebrity Soothill (et al, 2002) explained that criminal behaviours are types of acts that a alliance perceives as wrong doing, it is formally proceeded against by the law, and leads into convictions. Soothill (et al, 2002) said To understand criminology one needs to recognize that in the related social issues, the possible interpretations of apparent point represent viewpoints and philos ophies which need to be examined along with the evidence garner,. Many lives mickle be controlled by the personal fear of crime. The impact of crime on victims can be im mense, and crime can be the harmful exercise of power by one person over another (Soothill et al, 2002). Soothill (et al, 2002) believes, Criminology shows us the diverse and sometimes divided nature of society, rather than always reinforcing the image of a homogenous, uniform society, There are various types of information and knowledge that influences peoples perception of crime. (Soothill et al, 2002). There are direct experiences of crime, mediated experiences, official information and research knowledge these are the different types of knowledge that inform our understanding of crime.In 1997 the home office figures showed that sole(prenominal) 17% of offenders in the British Criminal Justice System were female, Heidensohn (2000 cited in Soothill et al, 2002). In general women are likely to be convicted for o ffences such as thieving or assault and handling stolen goods. Their careers in crime are shorter compared to men (Soothill et al, 2002). The number of women offenders are far less than male offenders, except in offences such as prostitution (Soothill et al, 2002). In terms of womens representation, serious crimes tend to be performed by men, rather than women. (Soothill et al, 2002). This shows that gender and criminal behaviour is stratified into specific types of offences, and the psychology of men can cause them to rely more serious crimes compared to women.The traditional sexual scripts that are within societies are heterosexual and gendered, so perceiving a woman as sexually aggressive, or worse, as a sexual offender, is contrary to the traditional sexual scripts(Jackson, 1978 Koss Harvey, 1991 Byers, 1996 cited in Myriam S. Denov, 2004 p.3). According to Denov (2004) the criminal behaviour of female offend sexually challenges appropriate female behaviour, when compared t o the traditional sexual scripts. Byres agreed that the image of women being described as sexually aggressive is excluded from the traditional sexual scripts, Byres OSullivan (1998 cited in Denov, 2004 p.4). This view of women not being suitable to commit sexual offences can cause females to become reluctant when contemplating whether to commit these types of crimes. These scripts also exclude the image of men as sexually reluctant or as victims of sexual coercion or assault (Lew, 1990, hunter 1990, Mendel, 1995 cited in Denov, 2004 p4). It is portrayed as an abnormality, if a male is sexually assaulted this is due to the perception of masculinity. Denov (2004) reports that up until the 1980s, female sex offenders and their victims were practically ignored, compared to males and their victims which were the main focus in reflecting traditional sexual scripts. Specific sex roles are assigned to each gender (Denov, 2004). The sexually aggressive role is assigned to men (Denov, 2004). Miller (Studying Young Women in Street Crimes). According to this collective story, the faction is an arena in which they receive status and esteem from being strong and being willing to stand up for themselves, exhibiting traits that cultural stories commonly associated with males rather than women, (cited in Bernasco, 2010). Comack Brickey (2007 cited in van Wormer, 2010 p.64) suggests that masculinity is the founder of the stereotypical bad girl she is tough spoken, of low socioeconomic status, aggressive and male looking. From the literature on female criminal behaviour, we can construct a profile of the average female offender. She is likely to be plagued with poverty and to lack an education and job skills. She is generally young, unmarried, problematic in unhealthy sexual relationships, and the lone caregiver of small children, (Chesney-Lind Pasko, 2004 Franklin Lutze, 2007 cited in van Wormer p.66).Wright and Jacobs (2004 cited in van Wormer, 2010 p.74) reported that i n their study of young urban male offenders, they found that the conflict mingled with men were influenced by the needs of maintaining gendered reputations. Miller (2008 cited in van Wormer, 2010 p.78) also found that compared to women, men were more ingenious to view robbery as one means of expressing their masculinity. Men stole items that expressed their manliness, to impress their peers. Girls and women, however, were drawn to take luxury items they felt they need but couldnt justify spending household income on, items such as cosmetics and jewellery (van Wormer, 2010). The blocked opportunities within societies that persist on material success tended to lead individuals into antisocial forms of behaviour, like theft, fraud or drug dealing. This is the opportunity theory. wagon train Wormer (2010) claims that females are prone to this due to the marginalization they face economically. Those without education or skills felt that they will neer make it, pressuring them into co mmitting crimes in order to make it, Van Wormer explained that sociological theories of gang delinquency argue that peer group affiliation and living in crime-ridden neighbourhoods embolden crime, (van Wormer, 2010).Relationship and scathe are the main attributes of women who are involved in the criminal justice system it has the greatest effect, (van Wormer, 2010). Van Wormer (2010) claims, We can sum up this truth in this way Trauma breeds trauma and hardship more of the same, When crime is related to criminal thought patterns a history of victimization and trauma amongst offending females is greatly evident, (van Wormer, 2010). A vast major(ip)ity of female offenders endured a tough upbringing which was physically and sexually abusive this type of victimization is ordinarily continued in their adulthood in the form of rape and battering, this provoked emotional problems and severe stress reactions, linking to the development of their criminal behaviour, (Belknap, 2007 Failinge r, 2006 Franklin Lutze, 2007 cited in van Wormer p.66). Roberts (2007 cited in van Wormer, 2010 p81) reported Examined data drawn from a take in of 105 women in prison convicted of killing their husbands/partners and 105 battered women in a sample from the community in New Jersey. The imprisoned women had a history of being battered. These women were far more likely to have received death threats from their partners than the battered women who did not kill their partners these threats were specific as to time, place and method. In addition to a history of partner violence, the majority of the women prisoners had a history of sexual abuse, a substance use problem, had attempted suicide, and had access to the batteres guns,.Interviews with 130 San Francisco prostitutes revealed that over half reported sexual abuse in childhood and about half reported having been physically assaulted, (Farley Barkman, 1998 cited in van Wormer, 2010). Van Wormer (2010) reported Among men and women o n probation, the BJS (2000) found that 6 in 10 women in state institutions experienced physical or prior abuse. McKee (2006 cited in van Wormer, 2010 p.82) focused on the characteristics of females who have murdered their children or infants, he evaluated this by using 30 females in his research, and they varied between girls and women. His research depicted that amongst the 30 females it included those who were abusive/neglectful, psychotic/suicidal, psychopathic, detached or retaliatory. McKee (2006 cited in van Wormer, 2010 p.82) analysed Susan Smith, who drowned her children in a car, kill their children, then designing to kill themselves. Smith had many of the risk factors for suicidal murder There was a high rate of suicide in her family, including her father, who died when she was a child. Susan was sexually abuse by her step father and diagnosed as having bipolar personality disorder, her marriage was shaky and her children were very young,Psychiatric women who murdered th eir children often showed a high aptness of psychosis, social isolation, notion, lower socioeconomic status, suicidality, substance use, and difficulties in their own childhood, (Friedman et al, 2005 cited in van Wormer, 2010 p.81). La Tanya Skiffer (2009 cited in Van Wormer, 2010 p.76) Crime causation. Chris, a 22-year-old woman, was arrested for permitting her husband to sexually abuse her five and nine-year-old nieces. Chriss father was an alcoholic and was abusive to his wife and children. When she was 21, she married a 35-year-old trucker. In accounting for her failure to stop her husbands abuse of the children, Chris suggested that she acted to please her husband, so he would love her.Van Wormer (2010) had interviews with female psychopathic offenders which revealed how they reacted violently to personal insults. One 43-year-old female, for example, reacted to her neighbours racial slur in this way She pulled out her knife and slash the offending womans face several times , which required the woman to have other a100 stitches, Women frequently victimized other women whom they viewed as easy targets, (Miller, 2008 cited in van Wormer, 2010 p.79). Van Wormer (2010) said that Several of the women, moreover, reported feelings of power and excitement in beating the defenceless, such as dogs and children, According to Strand Belfrage (2005 cited in van Wormer, 2010 p.71) The women were found to video display antisocial characteristics through relational aggression, lying, deceitfulness, and lack of impulse control, Testosterone levels are a vital link to criminal behaviour in both males and females, (van Wormer, 2010). An important ductless gland called cortisol is also vital when analysing criminal behaviour especially with females. It is classed as the stress hormone because it is secreted in response to stress. Women who are more likely to commit antisocial behaviour, like violence they are often low in this hormone, (Anderson, 2007 cited in van Worm er, 2010 pg72). Depression is a mental disorder that regularly occured in female offenders and especially adolescent girls, (Bloom, Owen, and Covington, 2003 cited in van Wormer 2010 p.72). Obeidallah and Earls (1999 cited in van Wormer 2010 p.72) examined the link between low and delinquency was established through a picture that was carried out by the Institute of Justice. Males and females had similar low rates of depression but the depression rates of females clearly increased, especially during adolescence. Van Wormer (2010) reported that Interviewers gathered a self-report data on 754 girls in urban Chicago. Comparing the antisocial behaviour of girls who were depressed with those who were not, Obeidallah and Earls found that 40% of non depressed engaged in topographic point crimes compared to 68% of girls with depression fifty-seven percent of depressed girls engaged in seriously aggressive behaviour compared to only 13% of those who were not depressed. Overall, these find ings suggest that depression in girls may put them at high risk for antisocial behaviour, In 2008, 700 males and 1,640 females were killed by their intimate partners, according to the BJS (Califano et al., 2009) report. Research shows, individuals who are prone to depression and are treacherously violent are more at risk of murdering their partners and killing themselves to, when the breaking up of a relationship occurs, (van Wormer Bartollas, 2010).In conclusion the gender factor is fairly crucial when examining criminal behaviour because it asses involvement and reason. There is a higher involvement of males in the criminal system compared to females. Women mainly pamper in less serious crimes like theft, whiles men usually indulge in more serious crimes. Van Wormer (2010) explained that neutral offences like assault or theft have different meanings to males and females. Miller (cited in Bernasco, 2010) brought to notice how the relations with social genders have changed and is now situational. Situations like relationship and trauma are major elements when focusing on criminal behaviour through gender, relationship and trauma regularly occurred and seemed to have the most efficient effect on the cause of criminal behaviour. Pollock Davis (cited in van Wormer 2010) claim that Policy and decision makers apparently have come to believe the myth that women are more dangerous than was antecedently believed. It is evident because, the arrest for women increasingly arose for aggravated assaults and simple assaults. This is clear through the dramatic contemporary changes of criminal behaviour compared to the traditional sexual scripts. Van Wormer (2010) believed that the staple fiber biological factors that impinge on gender differences in criminality are informed by research on psychology and neurology, A biological orgasm accepts that there are fundamental differences between males and females and that these differences interact with cultural norms to influe nce differences in male/female criminality.ReferencingVan Wormer, K. (2010) Working with Female Offenders A Gender-Sensitive greet Hoboken, New Jersey John Wiley Sons.Soothil, K. (2002) Making Sense of Criminology Cambridge Polity Press in association with Blackwell Publishing.Denov, M.S (2004) Perspectives on Female Sex Offending A socialisation of Denial England Ashgate Publishing Limited.Bernasco, W. (2010) Offenders on Offending Learning about crime from criminals USA Willan Publishing.

Proton-proton Coupling Constant

Proton-proton Coupling ConstantEasily recognized splitting patterns found in various spectra provide the chemical shifts of the varied sets of hydrogen that generate the signals differ by two or more ppm. The patterns argon symmetrically distributed on both sides of the proton chemical shift, and the central lines argon endlessly stronger than the outer lines. The most commonly observed patterns have been given descriptive names, such as doublet (two equal intensity signals), triplet (three signals with an intensity ratio of 121) and quartet (a set of four signals with intensities of 1331). The line separation is always constant within a given multiplet, and is called the match constant (J). The magnitude of J, usually given in units of Hz, is magnetic field independent. Coupling constants play an immense role in configurational and conformational studies. The relative fix of protons is determining factor for Vicinal coupling constant between two protons. For example, in 1,2-di substituted ethenes, the larger vicinal coupling constant was observed between the olefinic protons for the trans isomer 82a than for the cis isomer 82b 127,134.The vicinal coupling constant depends on the dihedral angle between the protons in saturated systems. Karplus 118 gave equations 1 and 2 relating the coupling constant with dihedral angles.J1 = k1cos2 c (0 90) (1)J2 = k2cos2 c (0 clxxx) (2)These equations were later modified as equation 3.J2 = A cos2 B cos2 + C (3)In equation 3, J is the coupling constant and A, B and C ar constants related to the electro-negativities of the substituents attached to the C-C segment. The J value decreases markedly with increase in the electronegativities of the substituents 135-140.13C- nuclear magnetic resonanceTransitions of only 13C nuclei are noticed in 13C-NMR spectroscopy. Figure 3 represents several(predicate) determine (in ppm), couplings, coupling constants (in Hz) and chemical shifts of 13C nuclei processing in diffe rent chemical environments. Usually, value scale of 13C-NMR ranges from 0-220 ppm with respect to TMS as internal standard. 13C-NMR spectral interpretation can be best understood from chart given in figure 3 126,127.13C chemical shiftAs in the same ways of proton NMR spectrum, Chemical Shift in 13C NMR spectrum provides the hybridization (sp3, sp2, sp) of severally carbon nucleus due to shielding and deshielding force. Each carbon nucleus has its own electronic environment, different from the environment of other, non-equivalent nuclei. Figure 3 Chart representing 13C nuclei chemical shift due to different chemical environments. Electro blackball atoms and pi bonds cause downfield shifts (Thinkbook). Spin- swag coupling provides the round of protons attached to the 13C nuclei. (i.e., primary, plunk forary tertiary or quaternary carbon) 126,127.Carbon (13C) has a much broader chemical shift range. One all important(predicate) difference is that the aromatic and olefine regio ns overlap to a significant extent 126,127.Many factors such as inductive cause of substituent, hybridization state of the observed nucleus, Van der Walls and steric effects between closely spaced nuclei, electric fields originating from molecular dipoles or point charges, hyperconjugation, mesomeric interactions in electron systems (delocalization effects), diamagnetic shielding due to heavy substituents (heavy-atom effect) and anisotropy effects is known to influence the 13C Chemical shift of six-membered ring compounds.Among those factor, electrostatic effects due to the presence of a heteroatom in the cyclohexane moiety and steric perturbation effects creation intrinsic importance. Lambert et al. 141 documented the effect of heteroatom in monoheterocyclohexanes 83 on the shifts of ring carbons. The -shift is a steep function of electronegativity of heteroatom X. A gamy frequency shift of about 50 ppm is produced by an increase in one unit electronegativity. However, a small effects of heteroatom electronegativity on and -carbons are produced, a shift of -2.5 ppm/electronegativity unit for and -5.0 ppm/electronegativity unit for -carbon, respectively. Ramalingam et al have demonstrated the effect of introduction of heteroatom in 84a-84e 86. The decreasing order of the deshielding effect of heteroatom on the benzylic carbon is O NMe NH S. because of a field effect, the heteroatom generates a low frequency an upfield shift in the carbonyl resonance.Contrary to and effects, the -effect is being a property of at least four atoms and it has a torsional component. All anti substituents cause increased shielding on C-5 due to the presence of and protons. The anti effect C-3 is found to be rather deshielding. The resonating carbon and perturbing substituent showed the dihedral angle arrangement ranging from 0-180. -gauche effects is found to be almost independent of the nature of the perturbing group X and broadly occur in the 60-80 regions, wh ereas -anti effect in the 150-180 regions. The introduction of an axial substituent shifts the resonance of a -carbon to lower frequencies. The -anti effect (introduction of an equatorial substituent) is small. Interpretation of the substituent effects mainly depends on the steric and polar effects 142-144.Based on the 13C NMR spectrum of vinylcyclohexane at low temperature, Buchanan observed the low frequency shifts in 85a relative to the equatorial counterpart 85b 145. Based on the 13C NMR spectrum of various di-and tri-methylcyclohexanes, Dalling and Grant 146 observed an axial methyl group shifts the resonance of C(2), C(3) and C(4) at 1.40, 5.41 and 6.37 ppm and the comparable resonance shifts for an equatorial methyl group at 5.96, 9.03 and 0.05 ppm, respectively. The shielding by an axial methyl group relative to an equatorial methyl group has been ascribed to steric interactions 142. Furthermore, The 13C NMR data of 4 hydroxypiperidines results indicate that substituent eff ects are markedly influenced by steric interaction. Eliel et al. 147 study on -effect of heteroatoms in heteracyclohexanes 86a-86d provide evidence that the -carbon located anti to a second-row heteroatom (X=O NH) resonates at significantly lower frequency than the analogous carbon anti to a methylene group or a third-row heteroatom.Pandiarajan et al. 13 suggested a mode of assigning the configuration of a substituent in saturated sixmembered ring compounds, existing in chair conformation, from 13C chemical shift of a single epimer. Furthermore, the influence of the nearby substituents on the substituent parameters of equatorial methyl, gem-dimethyl, and equatorial and axial hydroxyl groups in several six-membered ring compounds 87a-87g has been suggested by Pandiarajan et al 13. The magnitude of the effect of a particular substituent is significantly reduced by a nearby substituent and the magnitude of the effect decreases as the number of gauche interactions increases. Though, the and effects are not influenced by the nearby substituents 13.Nuclear Overhauser effect (nOe)The change in intensity of one NMR resonance that occurs when another(prenominal) is saturated is known as the nuclear Overhauser effect (NOE). NOE arises from dipoledipole cross-relaxation between nuclei, and its usefulness. The strength of a given NOE enhancement is approximately correlated with internuclear separation (actually r6 where r is the internuclear length). However, the NOE also depends on other factors such as molecular motions 148.In small subatomic particles in solution, the NOE is positive and causes affected resonances to increase in intensity. NOE for small molecules is generally measured using one-dimensional experiments. In small molecules, NOE determins particular stereochemical relationships, such as substitution or ring fusion patterns in largely loaded systems. The NOE is negative for larger molecules and cause affected resonances decrease in intensity. NOE f or larger molecules is usually measured using the placoid NOESY experiment or one of its 4-dimensional variants. Using the NOE to Development of three-dimensional geomorphological information using NOE generally depends on interpretation of an overlapping, redundant network of enhancements, rather than on calibrating precisely the distance dependence of individual enhancements. NOE determine accurate three-dimensional solution social structures of biomacromoleculs such as DNA, RNA, or other proteins 149.A spin out-excited nucleus is known to transfer its spin energy to that of an adjacent nucleus resulting in spin relaxation. The efficiency of energy transfer is directly related to the distance between the two nuclei. The nOe grosses advantage of the spin energy transfer 149.The nOe decreases as the inverse of the sixth power of the distance between the protons. An interesting application of nOe to a structural problem has been described by Hunter et al. 150 When styrene is pol ymerized in the presence of 4-methoxyphenol, in addition to the polymer, a 11 adduct is obtained by the addition of a styrene molecule to 4-methoxyphenol. However, the question of whether the addition occurs at C-2 or C-3 could not be answered from either the 1H or 13C NMR spectrum.The nOe experiment provided a decision in favour of structure 88. Irradiating the OCH3 resonance gave an increase in the intensities of the signals of the ring protons HA and HB. From this it is obvious that both these protons are ortho to the OCH3 group. In contrast the signal of the third ring proton HC showed a negative nOe. This is a case of an indirect nOe in a multi spin system. In further, nOe experiment it was shown that saturating the OH resonance increased the intensity of the HC signal, providing additional evidence for structure 88. matted NMR SPECTROSCOPYCOSY, a homonuclear 2D NMR correlation spectroscopy, correlates chemical shift of two hydrogen nuclei located on two different carbons that are separated by a single bond via j coupling. Thus it detects the chemical shift for hydrogens on both F1 and F2 axis. The most important two-dimensional NMR spectra show either 1h vs 1h or 1h vs 13c chemical shift correlations 126,127. Here, we attempt to discuss about the some of the important types of 2-D experiments.PrincipleIn 2D-NMR, the structural information are obtained from the interactions between two nuclei, either through the bonds which connect them (J-coupling interaction) or directly through space (NOE interaction). These interactions occur at a metre by irradiating one resonance in the proton spectrum (either during the relaxation delay or during acquisition) and provide the effect on the intensity or coupling pattern of another resonance. 2D NMR essentially allows us to irradiate all of the chemical shifts in one experiment and gives us a matrix or two-dimensional map of all of the affected nuclei. All possible pairs of nuclei in the sample processed at the same time 128,129.The basic steps in 2D experiment are as follows.1. Preparation Excite nucleus A, creating magnetization in the x-y plane2. growing Measure the chemical shift of nucleus A.3. admixture Transfer magnetization from nucleus A to nucleus B (via J or NOE).4. Detection Measure the chemical shift of nucleus B.Preparation and Evolution A 90o pulse excites all of the sample nuclei simultaneously. Detection is simply recording an FID and finding the frequency of nucleus B by Fourier transformation. To get a second dimension, we have to measure the chemical shift of nucleus A before it passes its magnetization to nucleus B. This is accomplished by simply waiting a closure of time (called t1, the evolution period) and letting the nucleus A magnetization rotate in the x-y plane. The experiment is repeated many times over (for example, 512 times), recording the FID each time with the delay time t1 incremented by a fixed amount. The time course of the nucleus A magnetization as a fu nction of t1 (determined by its effect on the final FID) is used to define how fast it rotates and thus its chemical shift. Mixing is a combination of RF pulses and/or delay periods which expedite the magnetization to jump from A to B as a result of either a J coupling or an NOE interaction (close proximity in space). Different 2D experiments (e.g., NOESY, COSY, HETCOR, etc.) differ primarily in the mixing sequence, since in each one we are trying to define the relationship between A and B within the molecule in a different way 128,129.

The Nervous System :: Biology, Neurons, Axon

The peripheral nauseous ashes consists of two separately public presentation components the sensory division and the motor division. The sensory division provides appropriate responses from sensory receptors to the central ill at ease(p) system. Sensory neurons transmit reactive responses from the periphery to the central nervous system while the motor division conducts action authorizations from effector organs such as muscles and glands. In contrast, motor neurons transmit action potentials from the central nervous system toward the periphery (Seeley et al., 2005).Neurons and their Electrical ActivityThe nervous system is composed of millions of nerve cellular phones called neurons. Neurons are the parenchyma of the nervous system which performs every function of the nervous system from simple sensory functions to complex thinking and analysis. Neurons, upon receipt of stimuli, transmit responsive signals to other neurons or to effector organs. Clark (2005) observes that the anatomy of a neuron is composed of quaternity main parts the cell body, the dendrites, the axon, and the nerve fibers. Given the importance of each of the neuron components, it is important to discuss how each work separately and in tandem to achieve efficient and appropriate responses in the human body.Varying in diameter and containing a single meat, the cell body is the primary component of the neuron. The nucleus of the neuron provides information for protein synthesis and contains most of the organelles of the neuron. Seeley et al., (2005) write that the cell body contains large numbers of mitochondria because of its high metabolic function and also abundant bowelless endoplasmic reticulums which referred to as Nissl bodies.The dendrites of a neuron are cytoplasmic extensions that reach out from the cell body like arms and contain a full array of cellular organelles, such as mitochondria, chromatophilic substance, and ribosomes. The most important feature of a dendrite is i ts electrical activity. Dendrites receive information from other neurons and transmit them toward the cell body, then produce electrical impulses referred to as graded potentials. Graded potentials can have varying degrees of depolarization or hyperpolarization. These graded potentials arise in the dendrites or in the cell body as a result of various stimuli and are important in initiating action potentials in neurons. As the graded potential passes through a cell body, it may initiate an action potential at the base of another cytoplasmic projection which is the axon (Clark, 2005). An axon is a long cell process extending from the neuron cell body.

Dracula :: Character Analysis, Renfield

While the character of Renfield is ostensively extraneous to the central plot of genus Dracula, he fulfils an important role in relief pitchers exploration of the central themes of the novel. This paper will examine how Renfield character is intertwined with the three central themes of invasion, blood and otherness. Firstly, by means of Renfields inner struggle we let out that he is not his own master (Stoker, 211). The theme of invasion is revealed by the controlling and occupying powers of Count Dracula. Secondly, the recurring theme the Blood is the Life (Stoker, 121), is portrayed passim the novel and has been interpreted through Stokers character Renfield. Then finally, a look at the social construction of the other in Dracula and how, through Renfield, who is unlike the normal lunatic (Stoker, 52), the Count emerges as the other of all others.Stoker has rendered the reader to see the Count as physically healthy and powerful, through Jonathan Harker and his confinement and Lucy Westenra and her failing health. Although the reader does not understand all the omniscient powers and control that Count Dracula possesses over people, they are brought to light through Dr Stewards accounts of his patient R.M. Renfield. The strange and sudden change (Stoker, 86), that has happened in Renfield evokes the reader to contemplate the Counts influence over people. Dr Steward suggests it is as though a religious mania has seized Renfield (Stoker, 87), and is controlling him. The reader is aware that Renfield can feel the Counts presence and that there is a connection between them. This last leads Van Helsing to recognize the bond between Mina Harker and the Count, which helps them to find Dracula and finally kill him. Draculas invasion over Renfield also reveals a weakness in the Counts power. Renfield, an obedient servant of Dracula, claims he is here to do Your bidding, Master. I am Your slave (Stoker, 88). Renfields devotion is quickly reversed when he sees that the Count is taking life from Mina. It is his care for her that causes him to turn against Dracula and try to fight for her. Again Renfields actions mimic that of the other men as it becomes their final stage to save Mina from the invasion running through her body. The key to this invasion is the blood.The central theme of blood in Dracula is paralleled through Renfield.