A Summary and Review on an Action Research Report

This is an action research project by a group of students taking up Master of Arts in Teaching and Leadership from Saint Francis University in Chicago, Illinois. It focuses on the use of guided reading in the improvement of student’s reading comprehension and fluency as summarized in the title.Chapter one of the research report begins with a general statement of the problem and focuses on the immediate problem context which are Sites A and B. It describes each school site in terms of its physical structure, profile and salaries of teachers and staff, profile of students, and profile of the district population as well as the profile of its surrounding community.It also points out the national context of the problem and how teachers of the concerned schools can solve the problem. At this point, the researchers included related studies and related literature on the procedures and benefits of guided reading.Chapter two presents the documentation of evidences on the problem. It pre sents a result of a teacher survey which proved the existence of the problem on the students’ reading comprehension and fluency. Research studies on the problem that were conducted by other researchers are revealed. Furthermore, the possible causes of the problem are also discussed.Chapter three provides the strategy for solving the existing problem and it deliberates the literature review on guided reading. It has specified the procedural details, the persons involved and the time frame of the research project.   It also presents in a table a detailed action plan which includes the objectives, interventions, targeted group behaviour, teacher/ researcher behaviour, materials and time duration. The methods of assessment are also given.Chapter four imparts the steps that were done to collect data, the results of the project, the conclusions and recommendations and the reflections of the teacher researchers. It concludes â€Å"that the guided reading intervention using levell ed texts was highly successful in addressing the problem of the reading comprehension and fluency of grades 2 and 4.† Thus, they recommend this reading intervention to those teachers whose students are having problems in reading comprehension and fluency.The researchers have been impersonal in writing the four chapters. However, it became personal when they wrote their reflections on the end part of the paper. There was an inconsistency in the pronouns used because of the 1st person personal pronoun â€Å"we† used on page 31. There are approximately four times more active voice clauses than passive voice clauses in the text. In fact, they are too many to be counted.The paper has been objective in presenting information whether from the researchers’ data gathering or information from other authors. In reporting facts and data, the writers were neutral in their attitude. Indeed, the text has an average degree of formality. Though, it cannot be highly formal because of the personal nature of its closing part.The text has used grammatical cohesive devices such as the linking signals: additionally (10), in conclusion (14), the first †¦, the second†¦(16), the third†¦ (17), during week two (41), in week four, the following week (42), and many more. It also used substitution such as â€Å"this problem† to refer to the below grade level expectancy on reading tasks of students in grades 2 and 4 (1) and â€Å"as stated above† to refer to â€Å"helping readers develop independent, effective strategies (12).†A few of the lexical cohesive devices used in the text are the repetition of phrases such as â€Å"guided reading† (10-13) and â€Å"thirst for reading† (13).

Comparing ‘The Yellow Wallpaper’ with ‘Hop Frog’ Essay

‘The Yellow Wallpaper’ and ‘Hop Frog’ were both written at a time of social turbulence and revolution. Poe wrote Hop Frog twelve years prior to the American civil war, so it is fitting that many of the ideas in the story carry a strong anti-slavery message. Similarly, ‘The Yellow Wallpaper’ was written in 1892 just before the climax of equal-rights for women. Gillman’s ‘The Yellow Wallpaper’ is one of the early feminist texts in which her writing criticises the position that women were oppressed into and the ignorance of society as a whole. Both Gillman and Poe attack fiercely these ideas that were both upheld and willingly accepted by the majority of society. These two settings immediately portray the two central characters, a woman and a slave, as two of an unheard minority, who were subjected to an unjust, patriarchal world. One of the main similarities between ‘Hop Frog’ and ‘The Yellow Wallpaper’ is the atmosphere of each of the stories. Both are horror stories are very dark, and have a horror genre, however ‘Hop Frog’ is also similar to a fairy tale in that it is quite unbelievable, and where Hop Frog’s surroundings are fantasy, the narrator’s surroundings are quite real. Despite their differences, both of the story’s surroundings and atmosphere are symbolic of the way the central character is feeling or being treated. For example, gluttony and corruption of the king and his ministers surround Hop Frog and Poe’s darkly vivid descriptions of these reflect the mood of Hop-Frog. The ‘oily’ ministers and a ‘corpulent’ king sound simply grotesque and fill the reader with a sort of stomach churning unease and tension at the treatment of Hop Frog. The corruptness and gluttony is hugely significant as it shows us the danger and easiness of becoming influenced and eventually corrupted by greed and alcohol. The narrator of ‘The Yellow Wallpaper’ has instead a room. It is describes as having ‘barred’ widows and a ‘nailed down’ bed, which give the impression of a prison rather than a place to become well again in. In fact the room actually does become a prison for the narrator, becoming more and more horrible as the story progresses. By the repetitive use of the word, ‘joke’ in the first paragraph Poe emphasises the discomfort of Hop Frog as well as achieving a hugely tense atmosphere. This makes the reader, who realises that this seemingly jovial and harmless behaviour of the king and his courtiers is in fact, a lot more damaging and sinister, feel the tension and discomfort that Hop Frog endures. Like Hop Frog, ‘The Yellow Wallpaper’ also has a tense atmosphere achieved by the speeded up pace of the story and the very short sentences, which flit from one idea to another. These short sentences show the alertness of the narrator’s mind as well as her increasing madness as she is left with no stimulation other than her own thoughts. As the story progresses the narrator’s madness grows and consequently her surroundings become more and more an extension of her own nightmarish imagination, eventually becoming as fantastical as Hop Frog’s. Throughout the story, the wallpaper in the room is a metaphor for the narrator’s illness and as her insanity grows, the wallpaper becomes more and more hideous. At the beginning of the story, it is described as ‘horrible wallpaper’. Her initial rejection of the wallpaper, shown when the narrator says; ‘I don’t like our room’ and asks John ‘Let us go downstairs’, is indicative of her want to get better and her rejection of insanity. The wallpaper is described as having a ‘sickly sulphur tint’, representing her illness, and appears to grow, ‘fungus’ and ‘toadstools’ suggests that her illness is growing, whilst ‘Budding’ and ‘sprouting’ suggest the continuity of this growth. Despite the fact that the images of the wallpaper worsen as time goes on, the narrator quickly becomes obsessed by it, spending hours studying it. The narrator describes how ‘It dwells on my mind so’. Eventually, the narrator becomes so mad, that it is as if she is schizophrenic. She begins to see herself in the wallpaper as a ‘woman’, ‘stooping down’ and ‘creeping behind the pattern’. As time progresses, the ‘ faint woman’ becomes clearer and stronger as the narrator becomes weaker. This shows her sane self, losing the battle to her insane self. Despite the awful surroundings, outside of her ‘barred’ windows lies the garden. In contrast to the wallpaper, the garden represents the narrator’s hope of freedom. The garden is described as ‘delicious’ and where everything in the wallpaper is bad and infectious, everything in the garden is good and healing. However the narrator is locked away with her illness and is unable to reach the garden, which holds the key to her freedom, ‘How I wish he [John] would let me go’ she tel ls us. This creates dramatic irony, as everyone knows what the narrator needs, including the narrator herself, except the narrator’s own husband John. Just as the wallpaper and the narrator’s madness increase as the story progresses, the behavior of the king towards Hop Frog worsens. This is shown by Poe’s descriptions of the king, starting as ‘our king’, turning into a ‘tyrant’ and becoming finally a ‘monster’. By describing the king in this way, the reader is not only made to feel sympathy for Hop Frog by portraying him as a powerless victim of this cruel abuse, but also make us forgive his final act of revenge, which is in fact utterly terrible. The King and his ministers are abusive and exploitative towards Hop Frog and Trippetta. Poe illustrates this particularly by the reference to alcohol, The king takes advantage of Hop Frog’s intolerance to wine ‘it excited the poor cripple almost to madness’ and sadistically ‘ he took pleasure in forcing the cripple to drink’. Poe describes how Hop Frog was forced ‘to be merry’ as it was the ‘poor dwarfs birthday’ and he is made to obey the ‘command to drink to absent friends’, which ‘forced tears to his eyes’. This is incredibly ironic, as Hop Frog is not with his friend because he is a slave in the court of the king. In ‘the yellow wallpaper’, the narrator’s ‘monster’ is her own husband, John, ‘a physician’. He ignorantly suffocates his wife, leaving her with no option but to escape into her own madness. He threatens her with ‘Weir Mitchell’ who was renowned for treating women with this ‘temporary nervousness’. The narrator describes how he is ‘like john and my brother, only more so’, showing her wish not to be sent to him. John also keeps the narrator away from human contact, starving her of any stimulation or interaction. Despite his obvious love for her he treats her like a possession, this is shown when he fails to regard her as a human being by addressing her as ‘she’ as if she isn’t even there. This also symbolises the fact that he has slowly removed her identity. John regards his wife with little more intelligence than a child, shown by his constantly patronising tone. He calls her ‘little goose’ and ‘little girl’ as well as remarking ‘bless her’ as if she is little older than five. John also shows himself to be really rather selfish when he implores her ‘get well for me’. Despite everything, we have to believe that John really does love his wife and wants to help her. But it is through John that Gillman makes a very poignant observation of the way in which society treats women, pointing out the real danger of ignorance. The Narrator in ‘The Yellow wallpaper’ is portrayed as an extremely bright creative woman, despite the way John regards her. She expresses her thoughts and releases some of the energy that she is so full of through writing. However John forbids that she should write, the narrator tells us ‘I am absolutely forbidden to ‘work†. The narrator herself tells us herself that ‘excitement and change would do me good’. Instead of excitement and change the narrator is confined to her bed and made to sleep most of the day ‘I lie down ever so much now’, ‘John thinks it’s good for me’. However, it is not good for her and the narrator describes how ‘I don’t sleep much at night’, showing the disturbance of her mind. This results in the narrator having an enormous amount of pent up energy which, when combined with her inability to express herself creates enormous tension in the story. As the narrator searches frantically for an outlet for her imagination she inevitably becomes mad seeking the much-needed stimulation within the wallpaper. The narrator’s inability to express herself can be compared with Hop Frog’s loss of control to the king when he is ‘forced’ to drink. Hop Frog is described as being driven to ‘madness’ by the wine, and ‘madness’ Poe reminds us ‘is no comfortable feeling’. In both stories the position of women is severely criticized. In ‘Hop Frog’, Trippetta’s position as both a slave and a woman is exploited. Her ‘grace’ and ‘exquisite beauty’ is described as being ‘universally admired’. Poe describes how she was ‘admired’ and ‘petted’ suggesting the shocking abuse she is subject to. Poe describes how the king ‘threw the entire contents of the goblet in her face’, suggesting the complete humiliation that she suffered. In ‘The Yellow Wallpaper’, we are introduced to Jennie who is the sister of John. She is described as a ‘perfect’ and ‘enthusiastic housekeeper’. Typically of a nineteenth century Lady, Jennie is subservient accepting her position willingly and gratefully. Gillman describes how she ‘hopes for no better profession’. Jennie represents the women of society who have grown to accept and are either to weak or to scared to rebel against a life that is no better than that of a slave’s. The narrator’s position as a woman is very similar to Hop Frogs. She is treated as a possession by her husband John and is seen to have no real opinions or views. She describes how the ‘heads’ that she sees are ‘strangle[d]’ by the wallpaper, ‘turns them up side down’ and ‘turns their eyes white’. This is very much inactive of the way both she and the other women of society feel suffocated and oppressed by their position. Both stories are written in first person narrative, which makes them a lot more personal. ‘Hop Frog’ is told by an anonymous Narrator, an onlooker, whilst ‘The Yellow Wallpaper’ is written like a diary with the narrator, a woman suffering from post-natal depression being the central character. Semi-Autobiographical, the story is loosely based on Perkins own experiences. The narrator in ‘The Yellow Wallpaper’ remains nameless meaning that the narrator could be any woman in society. It is also a metaphor for the identity that has been lost through her illness and the ignorance of her husband, John. Both the characters are the victims of ignorance. ‘The Yellow Wallpaper’ shows the ignorance of society about post-natal depression and the fact that no one is prepared to accept what the narrator is suffering from. Her ‘case is not serious’ we are told. The result of this ignorance is that the narrator’s condition is not cured but instead made worse. She is taken for a rest cure and deprived of interaction with people and stimulation. Her creativity is crushed when she is forbidden to write. This inability to express herself, had dire consequences; instead of recovering she instead she begins to descend further and further into her own madness. The wallpaper in her room, which gradually becomes more and more disturbing as her madness increases, shows this. This can be compared to Hop Frog who because of his difference in appearance is treated appallingly. The central characters of each story are portrayed as prisoners the narrator in ‘The Yellow Wallpaper’ is portrayed as a prisoner, trapped by her social position; as a woman, by her mental illness and by her own husband. Through her story, Gillman attacks an extremely patriarchal society. She criticises the lack of respect for women and shows her anger towards the inability of women to escape from the position they are oppressed to. The room in which the narrator is put in, in order to rest and recover from her illness is very much symbolic of her imprisonment. It is described as having ‘barred’ windows and the bedstead as ‘iron’, ‘heavy’ and ‘nailed to the ground’ representing her being tied down. The fact that the room was ‘a nursery first’, is very ironic; Firstly because she has no contact with her own baby and secondly because she has literally been reduced to the position of a child. Similarly, Hop Frog and his fiend Trippetta are salves, whom Poe tells us, were ‘forcibly carried off’ from their ‘barbarous region’ and ‘sent’, ‘as presents to the king’. This is reminiscent of the situation of many black slaves who were taken from Africa to the west at this time, in order to further the endeavours of rich, greedy men at as low a cost a possible. The reality of what faced them ahead was a harsh, cruel life of constant work with no freedom or rights as a human being. However, it is surely wrong that one person should have freedom whilst another is an enslaved possession because they are different. This injustice is shown in the story by the King’s inability to accept Hop Frog as a person, in appearance he is different and so is treated as an object, a possession. Poe describes him as a ‘monkey’ and a ‘squirrel’ and suggest that Hop Frog is begging for food ‘crumbs from the roya l table’. The result this is that Hop Frog is shown to be like a begging animal which serves to ease the King’s conscience at mocking Hop Frog, if he is not a person then he does not have feelings. Both Hop Frog and Trippetta are dwarfed and Hop Frog is a ‘cripple’ and Walks with an ‘ interjectional gait’, which comes across as quite funny when it is further described as ‘somewhere between a leap and a wriggle’. Despite this Hop Frog’s ‘value was trebled in the eyes of the king’ and the king, ‘who live only for joking’ exploits Hop Frog’s physical disabilities. It is therefor ironic that Hop Frog becomes the court ‘fool’ which is a metaphor for the fact that he is laughed at by the King. The idea of Hop Frog being mocked for the way he walks is shocking and through this Poe shows the unease of society at the treatment of the slaves. The King’s immoral behaviour mirrors that of the slave traders in America and Europe. Hop Frog’s physical disability can be compared to the narrator’s madness. The endings of each story are hugely significant and it is perhaps through the ending that we see the characters in their true light. Throughout ‘The Yellow Wallpaper’ the narrator has drifted in and out of her sane mind, she tells us once ‘I always lock the door before I creep’. Up until this point the narrator has not accepted that it is herself who is creeping, instead putting it down to the ‘woman’. But by the end, she is telling us how she is creeping round and round and round the room. Both a ‘rope’ and an ‘axe’ are mentioned, and John ‘faints’ when he sees the destruction of the room and of his wife. It is quite possible that either of them are dead, however Gillman leaves the ending ambiguous. As well as amplifying the uncertainty of the woman, this could also be down to the fact that Gillman, despite her feminist views, was still a woman in the nineteenth century. She did she want to demonize her character by making her murder her husband no could she afford to openly state that the husband was literally overpowered by his wife. Gillman would not want to upset her feminist audience either, who would be outraged if the narrator killed herself due to the fact that she is such a powerful symbol of a woman wanting to rebel against her oppression. For her to commit suicide would dishearten a lot of these women as it would look as if suicide was the only way out. It seems as if this ending was right for the character who despite becoming insane, is finally happy and tells us with utter satisfaction ‘I got out’. Whatever the reason for this ending, there is no doubt that despite the fact that this ending is truly horrific it also comes with a degree of relief. For with the narrator’s madness comes freedom, and more importantly, the woman finds her identity. Ironically this is not her former self, who is finally named as Jane, but another person; her insanity. Whilst ‘The Yellow Wallpaper’ remains ambiguous, the ending of ‘Hop frog’ is completely literal. Because eof the fact that Poe is a man, he can afford to take more liberties that perhaps Gillman was unable to take. He can openly humiliate and torture the king and the court, who represent the corrupt monarchy; an important part of society, and appear to get away with this. Hop Frog is portrayed as demonic and evil. He achieves his freedom by brutally killing the King and his ministers. Under the guise of the stupid ‘fool’ he tricks the king and his ministers into thinking that they are dressing up and covers them in tar and flax. The fact that Poe uses tar and Flax is of great significance as it is symbolic of humiliation and punishment throughout history. Hop Frog then chained them together to become the ‘eight chained orangutans’. Hop frog shows himself to be very intelligent when, ‘at the dwarfs suggestion, the keys had been deposited with him’, in contrast with the stupidity of the King. Poe describes how the they are humiliated when the chains cause them to ‘fall’ and ‘stumble’, The King and his Ministers have gone form mocking Hop Frog to being mocked themselves Hop Frog then suspends them from the ceiling at the ball and burns them alive. The fact that throughout the story Hop Frog never had the presence that the evil King had means that we would not immediately suspect Hop frog. When the ‘grating’ noise was first introduced, the reader did not think that it could be Hop Frog. However at the end when Hop Frog is perched on the rope with the burning king and ministers below him the ‘grating noise’ came form the ‘fang like teeth of the dwarf’, ‘who ground and gnashed them as he foamed at the mouth’. This is an insane a picture as that of the narrator. Hop frog rising up against the king is a complete reversal of roles, the oppressed has become the oppressor. However how is it possible that Poe can get away with this ending without his central character looking like the vengeful murder that he has become? It is perhaps because all-thorough the story, the treatment of Hop Frog as well as his situation has been described as Horrendous, horrific and brutal, evoking incredi ble sympathy in the reader. As if this isn’t reason enough, Poe threw in the added ploy of alcohol, which appears to demonize Hop Frog. Therefor when Hop Frog commits this terrible act, he is immediately forgiven whilst we all revel in the torture that the king and his ministers now incur. In the eyes of the reader justice has been done. Perhaps through his ending, Poe is forecasting what is to come, when the black slaves will rise up against their own white oppressors. It is therefor interesting that n order to truly punish and humiliate them, Hop Frog turns them first black. Like Gillman, Poe does not want to demonize the female character, leaving the question of Trippetta’s involvement up to the reader to answer.

Philosophy Of Law Essay

Motive:   A motive is a state of being relating to ones goals or specific desires. One may possess a conscious or unconscious motive.   For example, one may act out of jealousy but not be aware of the jealousy.   Even if motives are determined to be conscious, they are considered involuntary feelings or desires. Example:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A cigarette manufacturing company plans to increase profit through mediating the society’s aim of producing items that are non-nicotine. Through making â€Å"green cigarettes†, they tend to say that the said cigarettes have less nicotine, but would actually make the buyer feel to buy more because they are not consuming nicotine anyway. As a result, buyers would receive the same amount of nicotine for a higher amount of profit for the company, which is the main motive of the said marketing approach.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Intention:   An individual’s intention is a means to an end.   In other words, an intention is a way of achieving a specific goal or desire. Individuals are conscious of their intentions and may accomplish them by voluntary acts. Example:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A parent aims to protect his or her child through giving him the right chance to know the right principles in life that they ought to apply through maturity. Law is Concerned with Intentions:   The law is concerned with intention, but not with motive.   Determinations about motives are hard to ascertain and very complex.   Therefore, one cannot be held liable for a motive.   They are involuntary behavior patterns.   Requiring judges to determine penalties based upon motives would undercut predictability and uniformity of justice.   Given their voluntary nature, the law punishes based upon intent.   An individual can be held responsible for their intentions. Example:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A domestic helper accidentally killed her boss for the sake of self defense from a sexual assault from the said employer so she was pronounced not guilty by the court.                                                                                                                  Skepticism Regarding Responsibility:   Skepticism attacks the method of apportionment of responsibility for violations of   law.   Will the party be held personally responsible and if so, to what degree? Or will society have to bear some of the responsibility for an individual’s violative action?   Skepticism is argued in many forms.   Skepticism may be premised upon a theory of determinism, practicalism, technologicalism, and morality. Example:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A company aims to increase the quality of their products; however, the cost of the manufacturing has been passed in huge percentage to the consumers. As a result, the buyers has set an issue that has a great impact on the capability of the company to receive larger profit for the business. Deterministic Skepticism:   Deterministic skepticism comes in a variety of degrees.   In its most extreme, deterministic skepticism suggests that if one cannot help doing what they are doing, they should not be responsible for their actions.   Other forms of deterministic skepticism are less drastic due to their belief that only a few persons are actually in a position where they cannot help what it is that they are doing.   In the less extreme form, the inquiry focuses upon evidence regarding one’s ability to control one’s actions. Example:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A kleptomaniac is usually not held responsible for the things that he steals because of the fact that are considered psychologically disturbed. Practical Skepticism: Practical skeptics will not inquire into the question of responsibility because of the time required for such an inquiry has an inefficient impact upon the legal system.   Such inquiry is believed to be an inefficient distribution of scarce judicial resources. Example:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A case against sexual assault has been dismissed by the court because of the lack of supporting evidences that proves that there is a real case to be solved. Technological Skepticism: Technological skepticism refuses to inquire into the question of responsibility, because its belief that the true concern of the legal system is that of control over the public. In sum, effective social control does not include an inquiry regarding responsibility. Example:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A case with regards a particular situation that involves an employee being disabled because of the machineries of the company has been dismissed due to the fact that the company already did its responsibility to the employee at the best of its cost. Moral Skepticism:   Moral skepticism also forbids inquiry into responsibility because the theory holds that it is inconsistent with enlightened morality to insist on individual responsibility for harm. Example:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A man that has been separated from his wife for five years and has never been able to communicate with her now decides to marry another woman. He was permitted by his religious affiliation to do so, on the basis of the other partner being guilty of adultery and the process of divorce not being legal in the country. For this reason the court honors the marriage as well. Strict Liability: Strict liability is another theory in the consideration of allocation of responsibility. Strict liability requires assessment of liability upon grounds of physical acts without regard to actual responsibility.   The theory does not require a finding of intent to commit crime and therefore does not require resources for determination of intent.   Proponents argue allowance of strict liability to replace individual responsibility in its entirety.   Strict liability agrees with the utilitarian perspective and represents a denial of individual liberties in favor of deterrence for public protection. Example:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   An accidental occurrence that caused the injury of an employee from a work area has been considered a null-case since the evidences show that the situation has occurred because of a mere accident and nobody could be blamed for it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   FOUNDATIONS AND THEORIES OF LAW Eternal and Divine Law:   Eternal law recognizes the role of a divine figure in the establishment of law.   The numerous theories of eternal law suggest that law is created by the word of God, transmitted by prophet and sent to govern man.   Recognition of eternal law is still found in Hebrew, Islamic and Babylonian law. Example:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The decision of the church to marry a man to five wives as an Islam is never touched by the law because it is a law based from the beliefs of the people. Disadvantages of Eternal Law:   Eternal law requires faith in a divine being, of which there is no universally accepted figure. Eternal law also requires translation through a prophet who is not held liable for the rules since she interprets the word of God. Example: Natural Law: A system of rules and principles guiding human behavior based upon conduct common throughout all people.   The laws and principles grow out of humanity’s rational thoughts and conform to natural mental, moral, and physical states.   Cardinal premise states that humanity acts upon rational thoughts framed by our true nature to satisfy needs and impulses without interference from deception, dishonesty, or indulgence. Example:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A woman was offered a high amount of money in exchange of disowning her company’s established principles in handling the people force so as to sabotage the operation of the business at the advantage of its competitor in the market. Her conscience did not permit her top do so, knowing that no matter how much money is to be paid to her, she is sure to regret what she is going to do. Early Theories of Natural Law: Various early theories of natural law believed the concept was based upon virtue, nature, reason, and God. Example:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The society naturally accepts the things that has already been set by the natural systems of the earth and the ways by which they relate to human lives, such as occurrences and dilemmas happening due to the climate change. Historical Natural Law Based Upon Virtue:   Natural law based upon virtue can be governed by theories of good conduct or justice and reason.   Typically, law dictates virtuous duties of a person in all facets of their life. The duties generally demand fulfillment of particular social obligations and the rules may be considered divine in origin or from the ruler.   Alternatively, the theory of virtue based upon justice and reason, demands decisions based upon an individual’s sense of justice and reason.   If a decision is prompted by anything other than justice or reason, the person has failed to live by the law of nature. Example:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   People are expected to act towards the situation facing them through reasonable idealism of truth and principles. If a man is faced with adversity of poverty, he is expected to work on making possible amends to support his life through working and not stealing. Historical Natural Law Based Upon Natural Justice: Natural law based upon a theory of natural justice was developed by Aristotle and holds that laws are of two types; universal and specific.   Universal law is the law of nature and binding upon all people.   Universal law does not change.   In contrast, specific law is developed by the local community. It is developed by people and limited in its authority.   Specific law is apt to change frequently. Example:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Once a person errs, the society despises sharing time with him or her until they know that he or she has already regretted the sin sincerely. Historical Natural Law Based Upon Reason:   Natural law based upon reason was developed by Cicero of Rome and establishes that law is premised upon reason in agreement with nature.   Like Aristotle’s universal law, Cicero believes that natural law based upon reason is universal in its application and does not change.   To alter this type of law would be considered a sin, and it cannot be repealed.   It is a law which is eternal and unchanging and valid to all people at all times.   This law was believed to be written by God. Example:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   People pay in exchange of goods because it has been established through the olden times of the biblical and human history that something is given in exchange of something taken. Historical Natural Law Based Upon Divine Intervention: Natural law premised upon divinity was forwarded by St. Thomas Aquinas during the 13th century.   Saint Thomas classified law into 4 levels.   The first level is divine law, not all of which is known to man.   The second level is divine law known to man, called eternal law.   From eternal law comes natural law, and from natural law comes human law. Example:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   People are usually guarded in their decisions through the divine understanding that they have with regards the principles of God. These decisions are considered by the court as the basis of accepting the existence of divine intervention. General Premise of Natural Law Based Upon Divine Intervention:   Saint Thomas’ general premise of natural law is founded upon a notion of goodness.   Saint Thomas’ theory holds that evil acts must be avoided and good acts accomplished. Generally, natural law applies to all people and prescribes that an individual act virtuously. Example:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   People are expected to act upon situations based upon their understanding of the different principles of life that are considered as social norms, their decisions as per mentioned are naturally expected to be based on such moral beliefs. Criticisms of the Historical Theories of Natural Law:   Some of the criticisms of early natural law theory include; 1) failure to distinguish between natural laws and normative laws, 2) man is removed from responsibility in moral decision making, 3) man’s contribution to own civility is ignored and, 4) distrust is unnecessarily placed in manmade structures. Example:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The judgment of humans with regards natural occurrences had been mistakenly related to the acts of abrupt human decisions. Historical Natural Law Lacks Distinction Between Natural and Normative Law: One of natural law’s many criticisms is premised upon a lack of distinction between natural and normative law.   Natural law exists at certain levels in man and in nature whereas normative law, crafted by man, does not exist in the world of nature.   Natural law, much like nature, exists upon its own terms with no sense of morality.   Natural law is fashioned from a factual and a regular existence whereas normative law is comprised of human morality. Example:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Same-sex marriage had not been accepted by the law before, however, just lately, it has been widely accepted by both the church and the law because of the changing levels of social and moral law in the human community. Historical Natural Law did not Assign Responsibility for Moral Decisions: Natural law forwards the proposition that nature makes the selection between two possible and competing moral values.   Realistically, the decision between competing values is made by man and not by nature.   Therefore man must assume responsibility for selecting between two values and he should not ascribe the choice to nature. Example:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Love has been noted by almost everyone as a basis of all existing law. However, if it has been the basis of committed crime, love is then set aside to judge the situation as to how it has affected the lives of others involved in the matter. Historical Natural Law Ignores Man’s Contribution to Own Civility: Natural law does not consider man’s ethical and moral development, apart from that development which occurs through application of natural law.   This premise ignores the importance of man’s contribution to his own development.   Those opposing natural law believe man has more than a passive role in his ethical and moral development and should be given credit for such contributions. Example:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Although humans have already created possible ways to develop their own lives,   natural law suggests that the developments are still based from the natural ways of the environment and not on the pure intellect of humans. Historical Natural Law Promotes Distrust in Man Made Structures:   Natural law promotes distrust in man made structure.   Natural law considers everything created by man to be erratic and inconsistent with prior structures.   Opponents of natural law will argue that the existence of normative standards created by man govern his sense of judgement in a consistent fashion.   Illustration of normative standards includes world religions. Example:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Natural systems are considered perfect and sustaining. It is this reasoning that would actually break down the causes behind the social distrust upon the manmade structures that are not likely following the systems of nature in sustenance and structural existence. Justification for Punishment Based Upon Retribution:   Retribution is often cited as a justification for imposition of punishment for illegal action. Retribution is most commonly associated with a theory of fairness.   One should be punished as a result of one’s blameworthiness in committing an illegal act.   The beneficiaries of the punishment will be the society at large. Example:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   An alleged terrorist upon investigation is judged as guilty and is kept in custody of the authority so as to protect the values of the greater number of human population. Justification for Punishment Based Upon Deterrence:   Punishment has been justified upon the basis of deterrence.   The theory holds that punishment deters illegal activity in two fashions.   First, an individual may be deterred from committing a crime after considering punishment of a prior criminal. Second, the repeat offender may be deterred from committing crime as a result of prior punishment.   The beneficiaries of the punishment will be the society at large. Example:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A prisoner not showing change is usually asked to rehabilitate so as to help him in not repeating his act and the other by being victimized by the said act. Justification for Punishment Based Upon Reformation:   Punishment has been based upon a theory of reformation of the individual’s character, thereby allowing subsequent participation in society.   The beneficiaries of punishment under a theory of reformation will be society at large and the individual criminal. Example:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Reforming criminal offenders especially the juvenile population is a regular practice that is applied by the government. This aims to help reaffirm the situation of the offender in a better status in the society, thus becoming a better person t the same time.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   DEFINITIONS Jurisprudence: Jurisprudence is comprised of two definitions relevant to the study of law.   First, in the legal tradition of the United States and England, jurisprudence pertains to legal philosophy.   Secondly, other European countries refer to jurisprudence as the collection of decisions of a particular court.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Opinionated Definition:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A person looses the real understanding of the jurisprudence of law when he becomes less able to understand the law due to anger and anxiety that increases the chances of moving violently against other people in the society. Likely, jurisprudence is returned to one when he is able to receive the rightful judgment he deserves from the authorities of law.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Example:      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A jury decides to dismiss a case because of being highly moved for the reasons of the accused of why he did the crime. It turned out that he had no choice but to do it for the sake of protecting the one’s he loved. The court was less powerful in this case as the majority of the jury as well as the people in the court the public all attested to one plausible fact that the convict did it for a deep and logical reason.               Justice: The definition of justice depends upon which definition of jurisprudence is under consideration.   By the American and English definition, justice means, â€Å"the constant and perpetual disposition of legal matters or disputes rendering every man his due[1].†Ã‚   But a broader definition of justice includes, â€Å"a moral or absolute rightness and upholding what is fair and just[2].†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Opinionated Definition:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Justice is applied as a normalizing factor among the differences of the people on the world. It sets the differences of the people in an equalizing their ideas and opinions with regard law and such things. Hence, justice is a regular matter that needs to be applied in the society continuously. A person then is supposed to be continuously considering justice towards himself and towards others as part of his moral responsibility to the society.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Example: Wal-Mart employees claim that they are being unfairly treated by their organization. As they continue to serve the company, they are also constantly apprehended by their union to continue fighting for the justice that they deserve as the force increasing the profit of the company every year. Natural State of Man:   A state or condition whereby man reacts according to his natural impulses and not as a result of such stimulus as fraud, deceit, or misrepresentations.  Ã‚   The natural state of man is developed in the theory of Natural Law.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Opinionated Definition:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Conscience is a natural way by which humans understand the natural law of life, the impulses of humans with regards right and wrong is a strong implication of the reality of the existence of natural law. This is the section of the law that actually designs the basis of the right and wrong within the modern human law today.     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Example:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A man was faced with great adversity of being homeless. He along with his family needed somewhere else to stay other than the streets so the man decided to search any possible area that he and his family could live for while. Out of need, the man saw a deserted house that nearly looked destroyed, still he managed to bring his family there and live there. After a few years, he was able to improve the house. Later on the owner of the house shows up and claims that the house has been stolen from him. The man attests that it was already deserted when he saw it and looked as if nobody already owned it. The man agrees to pay the price of the lot for possession, but the owner refuses to take the offer, instead he wants them to get out of the area. The man refuses the same way and a court hearing was set to solve the issue. Logic: The science of reasoning, or the operations of understanding which are subservient to the estimation of the evidence.   The term includes both the process of proceeding from known truths to unknown, and all other intellectual operations[3]. Opinionated Definition:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Logic is used by everyone wanting to understand the regularities of life. Every individual utilizing it actually makes a meaningful understanding of the things happening to him and to the environment that he is living in. with logic’s existence, people are given the chance to reason out as to why they have done things in their past and how those experiences affect their present lives today.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Example:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Not everything has been explained to a defendant when he was talked to by his lawyer because the session hearing has already begun. However, through looking at the faces of the people in the court, logic tells him that there is something that will happen ones the new witness is set for questioning. Prerogative: An exclusive or peculiar right or privilege. A special power, privilege, immunity, or right vested in an official person, either generally, or in respect to the things of his office, or in an official body, as a court or legislature.[4] Opinionated definition:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Each person believes to have his own prerogative in life. Using it as a basis of his decisions actually makes his life more meaningful and successful as he uses the power he has to support the wants and the needs he is expected to support in his life today.     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Example:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The NEDA Secretary of the Philippines, Romulo Neri refuses to speak on the depth of the case on the XTE-NBN deal as he is protected by the executive privilege law stating that he can conceal things as long as he believes he has already said what he needed to say at the senate. Property Law: Property law defines the borders of our legally rightful possessions, the nature and scope of those things we can take rightful title to. It is also used to describe the exclusive right of possessing, enjoying, and disposing of a thing[5].   It is the highest right a man can have in an object. Opinionated Definition:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Every person is given the rightful authority over his belongings. This is the primary basis of the property law which draws the line of the limitations and extent of one’s properties. Such law serves as a guideline to one’s understanding of the things that rightfully belong to him.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Example:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     A number of people ought to say that the place where their scanty homes are standing is their own as community as it is already a public property, therefore they refuse to evacuate when a public project has been passed on to be built in their area. They point out that they have already worked hard for the development of the said area and they deserve to be paid for what they have done. On the other hand, the businessmen attest that they already own the area as they already bought it, meaning that they could already do anything that they would want onto it. Ratio Decidendi: The ground or reason for reaching a decision.   The point in a case which determines the judgment[6]. Opinionated Definition:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Rational understanding of situations is likely much related to ones logical reasoning over a certain thought that explains a situation as it happens. Being rational about things makes one more capable of seeing the two sides of the coin or the positive and negative aspects of an occurrence. Being rational too helps a person to become more understanding of things as they come barging in to one’s lifetime using such occurrences as great opportunities for change and development.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Example:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Wal-Mart finally decided to face their issues with their employees. They tried to come up with the useful process of meeting the needs of their employees as they also meet the standards of the business. Likely though, after a year, the union decided to continue the cases against Wal-Mart as they believe that their values were not served well even after the agreement. Rhetoric:   The art of effective expression and the persuasive use of language.[7] Opinionated Definition:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   One’s capability of using language as a major source of expression of thoughts is a gift. However, a more persuasive pattern used by politicians and other certain personalities in the society today in an aim of influencing others is actually a more complex manner of using words for the sake of attracting people to take notice of the thoughts of the said individuals for consideration.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Example:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The politicians today use rhetorical speeches to be able to help the people understand their propagandas set for the betterment of the society as per proposed by the said individuals during campaign.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  [1]  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Black’s Law Dictionary, 6th Edition, 1990.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  [2]  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The American Heritage Dictionary, 2nd edition, 1983.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  [3]  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Black’s Law Dictionary, 6th Edition, 1990.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  [4]  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Black’s Law Dictionary, 6th Edition, 1990.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  [5]  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Black’s Law Dictionary, 6th Edition, 1990.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  [6]  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Black’s Law Dictionary, 6th Edition, 1990.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  [7]  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The American Heritage Dictionary, 2nd edition, 1983.

Economic Forecasting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Economic Forecasting - Essay Example The annual inflation rates in the US in the decade starting 2004 can be seen in Fig. 1. In this graph, the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) published Current Consumer Price Index has been used to calculate the rates of inflation. Fig. 1 shows that in the last decade, the maximum inflation rate in the US has been recorded at 4.1% in 2007 whereas the lowest inflation rate was recorded at 0.1% in 2008. Coincidentally, the highest and the lowest values of inflation rate in the US have been recorded in one year from the start to the end of 2007. This may be attributed to the fact that the global financial recession had started in 2008, which is also why, the maximum variation in the inflation rate in one year was recorded from 2008 to 2009 when it soared up from the lowest 0.1% straight to 2.7%. The second largest variation was recorded from 2006 to 2007 when the inflation rate at increased from 2.5% to 4.1%. The year from 2010 to 2011 showed the third largest increase in inflation rate in the US from 1.5% to 3%. There has been very little variation in the rate of inflation in the US in the years from 2012 to 2014 compared to the preceding years when the rate of inflation unpredictably jumped up or down from one year to the next from 2005 to 2012. The annual inflation rate in the US was recorded at 1.7% in October 2014 for the third consecutive month because the decline in prices of energy sufficiently offset the increased costs of food and shelter. Energy prices year-on-year reduced 1.6% with a drop in the cost of fuel oil and gasoline by 6.5% and 5% respectively whereas the cost of food saw an increase by 3.1% (Trading Economics, 2014). Following an increase of 1.7% in the previous month, the index for all items less energy and food increased by 1.8%. There was seen an increase in the cost of services less energy by 2.5% with the index of transportation and shelter increasing by 1.8%

POPE, ALEXANDER Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

POPE, ALEXANDER - Research Paper Example Indeed, for people with little exposure to the stories, it can be said that Shakespeare himself is doing history even though we do not conventionally read him as a historian. As will be argued in the following, Pope wrote in many genres precisely as an act that intended for us to question the nature or the notion of genre itself. The following will examine his life's works alongside his lifelong concern with genre. Alexander Pope arrived in London in 1705, and was in that early period, a member of the Kit Kat Club. The members of the Kit Kat Club were all writers and included figures of the age, like, William Walsh and Lord Landsdowne [Dennis 200]. While only seventeen at the time that he moved to London, it would not be long before he started to make a mark for himself as a writer. His earliest publications was the Pastorals and An Essay on Criticism which was published second. While his first work did seem receive some praise, it was his work on criticism that first drew significan t attention to himself. A well known critic of the time, referred to Pope's â€Å"rising genius† in relation to his criticism, but his poetry was his primary or most consuming passion as far as writing goes [Bateson and Joukovsky 154]. As the title itself indicates, a 'pastoral' concerns nature, and the individual struggle or relationship with nature. While his ambitions were to be admired and respected as a great poet, it can be argued that the respect he sought was realized more as a consequence of his early book of criticism, or the publication of An Essay on Criticism which was first published in 1711 [Dennis 249]. Pope was a formalist in the eighteenth century sense of the term. As a writer, he was arguably more concerned with the 'form' of the work than the content. There were incredible transformations occurring in his age in terms of challenges being made to traditional or conventional forms or genres of writing. Poetry, in general, was being redeveloped or experiment ed on with the aid of odes, ballads, elegies, satire, parodies, song, and finally, lyrical poetry. As with all genres, there are often areas of cross-over, but for Pope, and many of his contemporaries, the inter-mixing of genres can be described as almost an obsession [Sitter 106]. For Pope, this obsession was fueled or furthered by his interest in translation. Moreover, his interest in a wide variety of writing including Shakespeare. With regard to translation, he rendered into Latin some Greek texts or originally, Greek texts, like Homer's Iliad and the Odyssey. Likewise, the Roman or Latin poet Virgil was a constant source of inspiration for him, but in terms of influencing his literary style, but also as someone whose writings embodied ethical or moral virtues that he admired or could identify with. Following the publication of 'An Essay on Criticism', Pope struck a balance between his study of literature and his exposition of it. His focus on those years, was largely directed t oward writing poetry even though criticism became an ongoing source of study for him. In 1714, 'The Rape of the Lock' was published and it was for Pope, the most impactful piece that he had produced by this time. The first run or first printing, yielded a sale of over three thousand copies, and when it was reprinted in the following year, the response by the book buying populace

Organ Harvesting Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Organ Harvesting - Research Paper Example Medical science has recently succeeded in replacing defective kidney and heart like human organs with substitute kidneys and hearts taken from other people. Many of the dying people are ready to donate their organs when they realize that they left with no hope of survival. Such people donate their organs in order to save the lives of others who have defected organs. There is no harm in showing such mercy towards diseased people and it should be recognized as a noble act. However, many incidents from all over the world are currently coming out with respect to the forceful seizure of human organs from healthy people. In many cases, doctors conduct unnecessary surgeries and steal the kidney like internal organs and trade it for financial benefits. Even the person whose kidney has been stolen has no possibility of knowing what happened to him after the surgery unless he conducts further scanning or X-ray experiments. This paper briefly analyses various dimensions of organ harvesting. Bef ore discussing anything about organ harvesting it is necessary to discuss something about the state of death. Medical science has different opinions about the concept of death. Some medical experts argue death of a person happens when the brain stops it functioning. On the other hand others are of the view that death occurs when the heart functioning stops. There are many patients whose hearts are still working even though their brain became inactive. In any case, it is better to confirm the heart or brain death first before deciding about organ harvesting. The relatives of the patients can do many things in such situations. They can decide whether to sustain the life of such patients in such no hope conditions or not. Moreover, they can decide whether to donate the organs of such patients to others who are in need of it to save their lives. In any case, the donation of organs with the consent of the dying patient or with the consent of the relatives under certain circumstances can be accepted as a moral thing. â€Å"If someone has indicated that he or she wishes to donate organs after death, a transplant team can immediately move in and initiate the organ harvesting process after consent forms are signed by someone with the power of attorney for the patient† (What is Organ Harvesting?) In many cases organ harvesting is conducted forcefully or without the consent of the donor. The reports about forceful organ harvesting or stealing of organs are increasing day by day. No country, irrespective of developed, developing or underdeveloped, seems to be free from the antisocial activities or human right violation like organ stealing or forceful organ harvesting. Reports of forceful organ harvesting are coming from countries like, America, Britain, China, India, Israel etc. Robinson (2008) has reported some shocking incidents of organ stealing from India. Shocked but not surprised. That might be the best way to sum up India's reaction to the revelation this we ek that a black market organ transplant ring had been harvesting kidneys from poor Indian laborers, sometimes against their wishes, and using them in foreigners desperate for transplants. Police who busted the ring last week say doctors paid as little as $1000 for the kidneys and then sold them for as much as $37,500. The racket, based in Gurgaon, a business center close to the capital, New Delhi, drew victims from as many as eight Indian states and lasted for almost a decade. Police say the

EVALUATION nad WEBSITE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

EVALUATION nad WEBSITE - Essay Example It is essential to define business objectives, usability goals and intended context of use well in advance. In this context business objectives of a site include answers to crucial questions such as such, what are the main purposes of the website, who are the websites target audience, success factors, evaluation criteria and budget. The websites contexts of use include information such as important user groups, frequency of visits, user's past experience and expertise, socio-cultural issues, user's needs and client side technical information. Once this Meta information is collected and analyzed a website design should proceed. Effectiveness, efficiency and satisfaction are the three units in which usability can be measured. We know that many users visit the travel agency websites since travelers have increased and also the traveling rate has increased during the past few decades. Many people look to travel agents for traveling, booking tickets, searching for vacation plans, and many other such deals. The website should provide a proper user interface to the people so that they do not face any problem in operating the website if they want to. Many people prefer booking tickets online rather than to go to the travel agent and getting it booked. Therefore, many people will browse the websites of the travel agencies before confirming on one particular travel agency. Therefore, the user-interface of the website should be such that it would try to attract more customers. The better the interface, the more loyal the customers become and more the increase in the number of customers for that travel agency. The three basic components of web usability are: Effectiveness: It can be measured by determining if the website users can actually accomplish their requirements at hand. Requirements at this context can range from a simple task such as finding information to complex and sensitive activities such as purchasing a product. Efficiency: Efficiency looks at the resources expended in order to achieve the task. Although resources can be seen in multiple perspectives, the most critical resource is time. Satisfaction: The essential feature of impressing the customers involves the amount of satisfaction a particular website can provide to the users. The overall experience that involves the color contrast, dynamic features, availability of appropriate information, accuracy of search play crucial role in the satisfaction rate of users. All these features have to be addressed while designing a website and these issues were considered while building the travel agency website. The customer generally searches for flights to his or her desired destination. Therefore, the provision for searching for flights has to be present right on the first page of the website (i.e. the Home Page of the website). Once the data is fed and the search button clicked, the list of flights has to be shown to the customer and the customer can then select which flight he want his ticket to be booked in. Also, once he visits the website and he likes the website, he would like to become a member of the travel agency. Also, he would like to have a personal storage place where all his information related to his travel will be saved. Such personal place has to be provided which can be accessed through his login name and

Maya cultural exploration exercise Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Maya cultural exploration exercise - Essay Example It is one of the most ancient civilizations in the area. The Maya civilization lasted over 3000 years. Maya people lived in the Yucatan peninsula. The guide informed that the Maya lived in one of the most densely populated areas. Culturally speaking, Maya were some of the most culturally diverse people in the area. The Maya culture had spectacular art and state of the art architecture. They are also said to have had advanced systems of astronomy which were well advanced beyond the other civilizations of the time. The guide informed me that some of the Mayan architecture still survives to date. The pyramids at Coba and Chichen Itza are some of the remaining pieces of architecture from the Maya civilization. To date the pyramids are preserved as a heritage site. From the guide, I realized that the Maya have a calendar that is different from the one commonly used in modern times. The Mayan calendar is one of the most complete calendars of the time. It is one of the best understood calendars of ancient times. The Maya empire was in its peak in the 6th century AD. At this point in time it was very powerful and very influential in the region. The people depended mainly on agriculture which they were very good at. Other economic activities among the Maya included pottery and hieroglyphics writing. The tour guide explained to me that the Mayan scripture is said to be the only fully written language in the Americas at the time. Along with the writing they also had beautiful art which is considered to be among the most beautiful arts of the time. The Maya are known to be among the first people to make use of the four compass directions. They denoted the four directions with different colors. My guide informed me that the Maya had thirteen different gods. They believed that some gods ruled the heavens while some others ruled the underworld. They had a god for several natural elements. For instance there was the god of stars,

Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 4

Economics - Essay Example (Simpson, et al., 1) The Federal Reserve System is made up of twelve regional banks located in San Francisco, Dallas, Kansas City, Minneapolis, Chicago, St. Louis, Atlanta, Cleveland, Richmond, Philadelphia, New York, and Boston. Private banks own stock in the twelve regional banks, this is what funds the twelve Federal Reserve Regional banks. The twelve regional banks are made up of regions listed below: Another component of the Federal Reserve System is the Federal Reserve Board of Governors. The Federal Reserve Board of Governors is appointed by the President of the United States of America, but confirmed by the Senate. The seven member board serves can only serve a maximum of fourteen years, with a member serving one term at time of two years. The only exception is the Chairman of the Board and the Vice Chairman, who serve four year terms. However, the fourteen year limit also applies to them. The only way a board member can be removed is by the president for cause. The current board members are Ben S. Benmanke, Chairman, Donald L. Kohn, Vice Chairman, Susan Schmidt Bies, Kevin M. Warsh, Randall S. Krosnzer, and Frederic S. Mishkin (The Federal Reserve Board). This Board of Governors is an independent governmental agency. They oversee the twelve regional banks, plus the numerous private banks owning stock in the regional reserve banks. The Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) is a committee made up of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, the Federal Reserve Board of Governors, plus four other Federal Reserve Regional Bank presidents that serve on a alternate schedule. This committee reviews the open market. The open market being the buying and selling of government securities. This way the committee can determine monetary and credit conditions. The FOMC also oversees the foreign currency exchange rate. The FOMC is extremely important part of the Federal Reserve System,

Management during Low Sales Volume Research Paper

Management during Low Sales Volume - Research Paper Example This paper illustrates that reducing labor expenses can save many employees’ job and organization can keep knowledge and talents of longtime employees for the purpose of growth in future. It is possible for reducing compensation and benefit provided from the end of the organization. So in such case, a restructure on salary, benefits and compensation are required. Employees should do the multitasking activities. If some of the employees are inefficient in this field then management will take immediate action against them. Again expansion of new business strategy can improve the present scenario of sales. Periodic review of financial statements should be done in the more stringent way for reducing the chances of fraudulent sales data. No unconfirmed sales data should be recorded in an organizational accounting system. Anticipatory sales data should also not to be included in the financial statements of this organization. Sales procedures should not be conducted without any signe d purchase order from the respective end. Again confirm contact details are required for completing a sales activity. If any bonus was paid on the basis of fictitious order then that amount of bonus should be taken off by the end of the management. Staffing cost is based on the sales number. So, in this case, the amount of bonus will increase the amount of total cost of this organization. For improving employee communication method, human resource managers should take proper initiatives. They should listen to the problems of employees and respond according to the situation. Communication gap needs to be minimized between lower level staffs and upper-level managers. Otherwise, managers would not be able to know about the operational problems. Effective communication many times solves so many operational difficulties within an organization. In the effective communication process, individuals can share their ideas and views with others and thus the organization can operate its business activities in a more innovative way. For building effective communication procedure, face to face conversation is necessary. Again managers should keep the track records of employees’ activities.

For one more day by Mitch Albom Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

For one more day by Mitch Albom - Research Paper Example Charley’s mother Posey had died some years ago though he wished to spend additional time with his mother. According to the book, the love between a child and his mother is strong because it can save a child. The major theme of the story is family because it reflects occurrences in many families today as evident in themes, viewpoints, and characters. Character The main characters of the book are Charley’s family members. Charley is the storyteller and the major character of the story. The story reveals pertinent concerns focusing on the relationships between children and their parents in the current society (Albon 2). Most male children like to be associated with their fathers though they have difficult relationships with them. Charley always sided with his father. He always wanted his father’s approval though he was always hard on him. He made Charley believe that he was never good enough. This made him try hard with the intent of affirming his worth. This happen ed in his childhood and adulthood when he was at the Old Timers baseball team. Charley’s father in the novel represents the fathers who live their dreams through their children. It is true that parents like to achieve their targets through their children by forcing them to do what they do not like. Charlie’s father wanted him to realize his vision of playing baseball. He bullied his son though he was growing up. This is shown when the father ordered him to leave his mother’s birthday party for a baseball game. He told Charley that he should choose either his mother or him. The father told him that he could not choose both. Charley discovered later that his father was a hypocrite who led a double life. This is because his father has a second alcohol store, a second wife, and another child (Albom 17). Charley’s relationship with his mother in the novel shows that mothers support their children though they tend to make serious mistakes. His mother always mad e him realize that he should return to his life. Charlie discovered that his mother was considerate compared to his father. This was evident when Charlie told his mother that he made a wrong mistake when they visited the Italian wife. He told his mother that he loved and admired her. Charlie thought that he should have chosen his mother over his father. However, his mother opposed by indicating that it was not his culpable because he never had a chance to choose. She knew that his son was confused throughout his life because he failed to acknowledge whether to support his mother or to please his father. She also knew that his son was pressured by his father to choose him as his role model (Albom 43). Charlie’s relationship with his daughter was also poor because he felt guilty for neglecting his mother making him an alcoholic. His wife left him because of this habit. This shows that a child’s life is immensely affected by his parents’ behaviors. Charlie had prob lems with his wife and daughter because of the effects of his relationship with his parents. He never saw his daughter after his wife left him. His daughter got married but he was not invited to the wedding. This made Charlie to feel so lonely that he wanted to kill himself. During their meeting, Charlie’s mother helped him realize that he should reclaim his relationship with his daughter (O’Hara 1). Setting The novel is set in a fictitious village where Charlie had created good and bad

Alcoholic Beverage Essay Example for Free

Alcoholic Beverage Essay Alcohol is drinkable ethanol according to http://mentorfoundation. org/drugs . php? id=2. It is powerful and addictive this liquid is taken orally and often consumed in abundant quantities. Surveys say that adolescents and young adults are likely to drink. There are three basic types of alcoholic drinks are: Beer, Wine, Spirit. Their difference is what each is made of and percentage of alcohol content. Beer is made from fermented grains and has 3 to 6 percent of alcohol content while is made from fermented fruits and have alcohol content of 11 to 14 percent. Spirits are made from fermented distilling products. It usually contains 40-50 percent of alcohol. American Council Education says 12 ounce glass of beer, 5 ounces of wine and 1. 5 ounce shots of spirits contains the same amount of alcohol. Beer, wine and spirit have the same potential for intoxication and addiction. When a person consumes alcohol the drug acts on nerve cells deep in the brain. These are the well known signs that a person is drunk: the smell of alcohol on breath, irritability, loss of physical coordination, violent behaviour, loss of balance, incoherent speech, loss of consciousness, slowed thinking, blackouts, and Euphoria, an extreme happiness. According to the American Psychiatric Association, (1994) that alcohol use is continued despite knowledge of having a persistent or recurrent physical or psychological problem that is likely to have been caused or exacerbated by alcohol. Frequent binge drinking or getting severely drunk more than twice is classed as alcohol misuse. According to research done through international surveys, the heaviest drinkers happen to be the United Kingdoms adolescent generation. Alcohol abuse affects about 10% of women and 20% of men in the United States, most beginning by their mid-teens. In Antipolo City, Philippines, many teenagers are now facing the problems of being addicted to alcoholic beverages. One major cause is depression and family problems. Teenagers who are facing this kind of problem suffer in terms of heath like disorders in their eating habits. Other illnesses and diseases which they may have are liver cancer, migraines, and various sicknesses associated with their physiques. Where an alcoholic has experienced a sense of withdrawal in the same time period. According to http://www. sciencedaily. com/articles /a/alcoholism. htm alcoholism is the consumption of preoccupation with alcoholic beverage to the extent that this behaviour interferes. The chronic alcohol caused by alcoholism can result in psychological or physiological disorder. It is also called world’s mostly drug use problems. Alcoholism is often progressive diseases says Ehrlich (2011). A person who is alcoholic typically craves for alcohol and drink and increases his tolerance for alcohol stated by Stoppler (2011) For this reason according to Langham (2010) they are causes of teen alcoholism depend on genetics and life experienced. Teens begin drinking before the age 15 according to Butler (2006) are more likely to develop a dependency on alcohol than those who begin drinking 21 years old. According to Langham (2010) following reason of alcoholism in teens is: Genetics or Family History, meaning a teenager comes from families who its family members are addictive in alcoholism because some teenagers experienced frequent in sexual, physical, mental, or emotional abuse in home but also in school. Another basis of alcoholism in teens is peer pressure, teens experience this kind of reason when a teenager feels that she or he is not accepted because there is something wrong to his or her personality or maybe he or she becomes alcoholic because of friends. Lack of parental support is one of the sources, teenager who regularly experiences this kind of trait is a person who regularly experience harsh discipline, criticism, hostility and rejection of his or her parents and the foremost reason of alcoholism in teens is depression, a teenager convince himself or herself that alcohol will take away his or her sadness and make her feel better stated by Boyles (2012). If its so, this causes may lead to some teenagers in different dangerous effect like: decreasing of paying attention, difficulties in memory, drunk driving, suicide attempt, engaged in sexual activity , poor hygiene, breaking curfews, Hiding in their room, becoming verbally or physically abusive toward others according to Palmera (2009)To understand teenagers. Parekh (2009) says that parents seek for understanding; they must always use the open communication for teens. To care by letting them be who they are, gaining the trust of the adolescent. CHAPTER II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES The numerous studies and articles on Alcohol is ethanol, or ethyl alcohol. It is a powerful, addictive, central nervous system depressant produced by the action of yeast cells on carbohydrates in fruits and grains. A liquid that is taken orally, alcohol is often consumed in copious quantities. American Psychiatric Association, (1994) that alcohol use is continued despite knowledge of having a persistent or recurrent physical or psychological problem that is likely to have been caused or exacerbated by alcohol. Surveys of adolescent and young adult drinkers indicate that they are particularly likely to drink heavily with the intention of getting drunk often every time they drink according to http://mentorfoundation . org/drugs. php? id=2. Alcoholism is the consumption of or preoccupation with alcoholic beverages to the extent that this behaviour interferes with the alcoholics normal personal, family, social, or work life by http://www. sciencedaily. com /articles /a/alcoholism. htm. Alcoholism is also is a chronic, often progressive disease. A person with alcoholism typically craves alcohol by Ehrlich (2011), and for Langham (2010) Alcoholism is a chronic disease in which someone becomes dependent on alcohol. The following section will present succinct points which are tediously discussed in the following order: Causes, and Effects. Causes Many teens have fallen victim to the ingestion and accommodation of alcoholic drinks which they have been able to acquire, sadly, from local sources. These are the common causes which encourage or lead a teen into alcoholic addiction and dependence: Abuse. Teen Suicide Prevention states that a teenager who experiences frequent sexual, physical, mental or emotional abuse at home is more likely to form an alcohol dependency than a teenager who comes from a stable, loving and non-abusive home. Abused teenagers may use alcohol as a way to dull or block out their pain and forget reality for a short time. Peer Pressure. During adolescence, teenagers usually feel increased pressure to be accepted by their peers and to make friends, according to the website Teen Drug Abuse. A teenager may feel that she is not accepted because there is something wrong with her personality. She may associate alcohol dependency with loosening up and fitting in with her peers. In addition, a teenager may become an alcoholic because her friends are alcoholics. If a teenager spends a lot of time with other teens who abuse alcohol, then it is likely that she will also abuse alcohol as a way to fit in. Depression. Teens who are depressed are more likely to become alcoholics than teens who are not depressed. Alcohol acts as a depressant that affects the central nervous system and increases depression in some teens, according to Depression-Guide. com. A teenager may convince herself that the alcohol will take away her sadness and make her feel better, but after the alcohol wears off she may feel worse than she did before she began drinking. Lack of Parental Support. During adolescence, a lack of parental support, guidance or communication can cause a teenager to become dependent on alcohol, according to Focus Adolescent Services located in Salisbury, Maryland. Teenagers who regularly experience harsh discipline, criticism, hostility or rejection from their parents tend to feel abandoned, causing them to turn to alcohol as a way to dull the pain. (Langham, 2010) Effects Butler (2006) stated that teenagers have been drinking alcohol in early 15 in age. There several warning signs indicating that your teen is abusing alcohol or other drugs: Changes in appetite or sleep patterns. This could be characterized by a marked increase or decrease in either or both. For example, individuals abusing amphetamines may show a diminished need for sleep and food. Those abusing marijuana may sleep more and have an increased appetite. These effects may vary depending upon the drug being abused. If you are interested in the effects of specific drug use, you may want to conduct some online research or call your local drug and alcohol commission or mental health clinic for more specific information. Deterioration of physical appearance. Typical teenagers are very concerned about the way they look to peers and friends and may be very specific about clothing, makeup, and overall hygiene. Individuals abusing substances often start to focus less on their physical appearance as their substance use increases. Withdrawal from social or important activities. You may notice your teen stops showing interest in things he or she once found pleasurable. For example, they may start missing school or participate less in sporting events or other social activities. They may also stop attending family functions or gatherings such as church because their drug use has become more important, or they may be embarrassed and try to hide their use from others. Unexplained need for money or secretive about spending habits. Individuals abusing drugs may begin asking for money without a clear reason. Generally an abuser will not ask for very large amounts, but rather small amounts over periods of time. They may also become more secretive about spending habits. For example, he or she may claim to need more for something than they actually need and pocket the extra money. Sudden change in friends or locations. The abuser’s friends or hangout spots may change. For example, a teen may start hanging out with a different crowd of friends. You may notice where they hang out may change as well. They may suddenly think their old friends are no longer â€Å"cool. † They also may start to break curfew or lie about where they are hanging out. Increased interpersonal or legal problems. Individuals abusing substances may start having more interpersonal problems, i. e. , increased arguments with parents, friends, or other authority figures. They may begin to get in legal trouble for shoplifting or other crimes and cited for possession or underage drinking. Change in personality or attitude. This one can be a little tricky. Given the raging hormones of teenagers, personality and attitudes can change regularly. In someone abusing substances, this will look a little different. The mood swings would be unlike typical teenage attitudes. Depending on the substance being abused, you may begin to notice marked hyperactivity or extreme happiness followed by a â€Å"crash† where the mood becomes just the opposite. The individual may appear very lethargic or more irritable than usual. Thinking and behaviours may become irrational and unpredictable. Neglecting responsibilities. If your teen is normally very responsible and there is a change in that behaviour, this may be a sign. Substance abuse often begins to take precedence over other things that were once deemed important. As a result, responsibilities are often neglected and the teen becomes more and more irresponsible over time. Using despite knowing it is dangerous. Most teens are very aware of the negative effects and possible consequences of substance use. If your teen is using despite this knowledge, this is a sign of abuse. To help teenager who are involve in alcohol according to Parekh (2009) parent must give teenagers a open communication between parent and child. Trust to adolescent trust to adolescent and caring, respecting and allow them to be who they are. And to be a responsible people in the society. Reference American Psychiatric Association (1994) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 4th ed. Washington, D. C:182–3. Boyles S. (2012) Why is Alcohol is Addictive? Retrieved from: http://www. webmd. com/mental-health/alcohol-abuse/news/20120111/study-sheds-more-light-on-why-some-get-alcoholism Butler K. (2006) The Grim Neurology of Teenage Drinking. Retrieved from: http://www. nytimes. com/2006/07/04/health/04teen. html? pagewanted=all_r=0 Ehrlich S. (2011) Alcoholism Retrieved from: http://www. umm. edu/altmed/articles/ alcoholism-000002. htm#ixzz1WJ62XF7v Langham R. (2010) What Causes Alcoholism In Teens? Retrieved from: http://www. livestrong. com/article/146676-what-are-the-causes-of-teenage-alcoholism/ National Institute on Drug Abuse (2012) Alcohol. Retrieved from: http://mentorfoundation. org/drugs. php? id=2 Palmera (2009) The Effects of Alcohol Abuse on Teens. Retrieved from: http:casa palmera. com /the effects –of –alcohol –abuse – on –teens Parekh R. (2009) Understanding Alcohol Abuse in Adolescents. Retrieved from: search=onewordhighlight=ajaxSearch_highlight+ajaxSearch_highlight1+ajaxSearch_highlight2 Stoppler M. (2011) What is Alcoholism? Retrieved from: http://www. medicinenet. com/alcohol_and_teens/page2. htm#what_is_alcoholism White D. (2012) Symptoms of Teen Substance Abuse. Retrieved from: http://psychcentral. com/lib/2012/symptoms-of-teen-substance-abuse/.

Kenyan Strategy on Infant and Young Child Feeding

Kenyan Strategy on Infant and Young Child Feeding HOW DID THE KENYAN STRATEGY ON INFANT AND YOUNG CHILD FEEDING COME TO BE?A CRITICAL ANALYSIS. *Commonly used Acronyms EBF-Exclusive Breastfeeding IYCF/N-Infant and Young Child Feeding/Nutrition BFHI/CI-Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative/Community Initiative. MOPHS-Ministry Of Public Health and Sanitation The first 1000 days of life are crucial stages for a childs growth and development. Damages accrued from nutritional deficiencies during this time are likely to lead to poor cognitive development which results into compromised educational achievement and hence low economic productivity.(Murage et.al,2013;Bhutta et.al,2013).Poor nutrition results from inappropriate feeding practices with poor timing, poor quality and inadequate quantity of food.(M.O.P.H.S,2010). Optimal breastfeeding and complimentary feeding practices are essential in meeting the nutritional needs of children in the first years of life.The Lancet (2003),indicates that exclusive breastfeeding(EBF) for the first 6 months, followed by continued breastfeeding from 6-11 months in addition to complementary feeding and a continued breastfeeding up-to 2 years of age help reduce child mortality rates by 19%.This would not only be in line with The Kenyan National Health Sector Strategic Plan II but also significantly contribute towards attainment of Millennium Development Goal 4(Huffman et.al,2001), and The Kenyan Vision 2030.(M.O.H,2000). Several worldwide efforts intended to address child malnutrition emerged in the 1990s,championing to promote Infant and Young Child Feeding by providing appropriate breastfeeding environment.(M.O.P.H.S,2007/10).These included; The Innocenti Declaration(1990),World Summit For Children(1990),Earth Summit, International Conferences on Nutrition and on Population Development(1992),World Alliance for Breastfeeding Action(WABA) and the Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative. The 2003 Kenya Demographic Health Survey(KDHS) results showed only 2.6% of exclusive breastfeeding( EBF) rates in the country.Additionally, the rates of malnutrition were 30% for stunting,20% underweight and 6% severe malnutrition. Between 2008-2009,Kenya was listed among the top 20 countries with the highest under-nutrition rates.26.9% stunting and 20.3% underweight rates for ages 6-59 months(KDHS 2008/09;KNBS,2008).The HIV pandemic and the attendant risk of Mother To Child Transmission continued to pose a threat to exclusive breastfeeding even to the non-affected families.A study revealed the increased fear by both mothers and peer counsellors on the risk of HIV transmission through breastfeeding(Koricho et.al,2010).The peer counsellors were more comfortable if HIV positive mothers would abstain from EBF and rather opt for replacement feeding which mostly did not meet the WHO guideline of AFASS(Acceptable, feasible, affordable, sustainable, safe).This led to an increase in infant m ortality rates and malnutrition(Creek et.al,2006). Over 30 countries have developed National IYCF(Infant Young Child Feeding) Strategies based on WHO/UNICEF guidelines..(Sagoe et.al,2012;WHO,2006).Kenya was also a signatory to all global conventions meant to improve IYCF practices.(M.O.P.H.S,2007/10). This essay aims to critically analyse the Kenyan Strategy on Infant and Young Child Feeding practices (IYCF), developed between 2007-2010. The strategy was intended to provide a strong mechanism, through which the government and various sectors could in a comprehensive and coordinated manner influence accelerated action to improve IYCF practices in Kenya.(M.O.P.H.S,2007/1O).I will draw upon the Walt and Gilson approach of the health policy triangle(1994,cited by Buse et.al,2012) to critically analyse and discuss how the Strategy came into place, what were the key driving factors and the stakeholders involved in the policy making process. I will combine the health policy triangle for analysis and John Kingdons Policy Windows and 3streams approach to agenda setting. The Health Policy Triangle comes in as a more suitable approach, as it acknowledges the importance of looking at content and process of policy making; besides exploring the role of power by the state, national and internati onal organisations and its influence on policy making.(Buse et.al,2012).Kenya is a low income country hence hence a policy making process would involve an interaction among various different stakeholders. Buse et.al(2012) defines policy as the decisions made by those with responsibility for a given area; and a health policy as that which covers courses of action or inaction that affects the set of institutions, organisations, services and funding arrangements of both private and public healthcare systems.The health policy triangle is divided into four constituent parts, both interrelated and interconnected and which are suitable for describing and understanding the Kenyan IYCF Strategy. These include the context, content, process and actors. Context entails the political, social, economic, cultural, both national and international which may have an effect on health policy(Buse et.al,2012).Further classified into situational, structural, cultural and international/exogenous factors by Leichter (1979),cited by Buse et.al,(2012).Some of the situational factors that stimulated the development of The Kenyan Strategy on IYCF include the issue of HIV and its great influence on exclusive breastfeeding and the increased rates of malnutrition combined with decline in the key indicators of IYCF(M.O.P.H.S,2007/10).A rapid assessment study (Chopra et.al,2009)indicated widespread mis- information on the Mother To Child Transmission(MTCT) of HIV as a major factor influencing breastfeeding patterns in Kenya.IYCF practices that differ from the commonly seen ones in the community would result in unwanted disclosure of HIV status.(Onono et.al,2014).This had a great influence on the duration of breastfeeding and the method of infant feeding used by the mother. Increased malnutrition rates caused by declined exclusive breastfeeding rates from 3.5%(KDHS 1998)to 2.6%(KDHS 2003) was the other factor(M.O.P.H.S,2007/10).Structural factors included inadequate capacity building on healthcare workers on IYCF ,HIV and breastfeeding leading to decline in promotion of Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative(BFHI) and breastfeeding promotion through healthcare facilities(Kimani et.al,2015;MOPHS,2007/10).Buse et.al,2012 describes capacity as the ability of the government to make and implement policies.Kenya recorded a decline in BFHI from 600 in 1996 to less than 6 in 2003(M.O.P.H.S,2007/10;Chopra et.al,2009). On the other hand, contextual cultural factors would entail issues such as, the fact that 60-80% of Kenyan women were involved in labour and agricultural practices with minimal male involvement in childcare, leading to poor child caring practices(MOPHS,2007/10).Other beliefs and practices in Kenyan families e.g the belief that breast milk alone is not sufficient for a child also played a great role in influencing the strategy(MOPHS,2007/10;Matsuyama et.al,2013;Murage et.al,2013).To most African countries, exclusive breastfeeding(EBF) is alien(Magoni et.al 2005,cited by Onono et.al,2014).Mixed feeding(breastfeeding along with other liquids or fluids) is the most common method of infant feeding globally and is often continued up to 2 years of age.The strategy was developed to mirror the WHO/UNICEF global strategy for IYCF that was developed to improve global IYCF practices.(Murage,2015).Kenyas aim was to actualize this through the BFHI, along with other interventions such as adopting a nd implementing the WHO Code Of Marketing of Breastmilk Substitutes(MOPHS,2007/10)meant to regulate the marketing of breast milk substitutes.A reflection of the influence of international factors to the development of this strategy. Content of a policy refers to substance of a particular policy which details its constituent parts.The aim of the strategy was to contribute to improved health, nutritional status development and survival of infants and young children in Kenya.(MOPHS,2007/2010).Some of the component parts and targets of the strategy between 2008-2010 included: strengthening national structures on IYCF to facilitate planning, coordination and advocacy for implementation of the strategy; updating the existent IYCF policy guidelines and the National policies in the context of HIV, to be in line with WHO consensus and statement on HIV and IYCF(WHO,2006) ,and disseminating it by 2008;Enactment of Kenyan National Law for regulation of foods eaten by children aged below 3years and putting up a monitoring system by 2009;revitalization of the Kenyan BFHI to ensure 75% of mothers who deliver in healthcare facilities are initiated on exclusive breastfeeding and providing support and necessary information to hel p them continue up to 6 months of age; ensuring support for breastfeeding mothers by employees through the Employment Act and attendance of IYCF Inter-grated Course by 60% health workers, and 80% PMTCT service providers.The nine main strategic components deemed crucial for the attainment of the strategy goals included; policies and legislation on IYCF, practices in IYCF and IYCF in difficult circumstances, HIV and infant feeding, capacity building on IYCF, communication and advocacy, research on IYCF, partnerships and coordination and finally monitoring and evaluation in IYCF.(MOPHS,2007/10). The process of policy making refers to the way in which policies are initiated,developed,formulated,negotiated,communicated,implemented and evaluated.(Buse et.al,2012).The Kenyan strategy on IYCF can be broken down into the four different theoretical stages of policy process named by Sabatier Smith,(1993) cited by Buse et.al,(2012).These are, problem identification, policy formulation, policy implementation and evaluation.Kenya had recorded a decline on key indicators on IYCF during the two decades prior to the formation of this strategy.Exclusive breastfeeding rates were at 3% with virtually no BFHI facilities(MOH,2007-2010).Additionally, only about 52% of mothers would initiate breastfeeding within one hour.Complementary feeds were introduced way too early for the babies.These issues were closely linked to poor IYCF programming at that time(Lancet 2003;MOPHS,2007/2010). On formulation, The Strategy was developed as a measure that sought to build on past initiatives and improvements to promote IYCF in Kenya(Murage et.al.2013).It was derived from The Global Strategy on IYCF, the Kenyan Policy Guidelines on IYCF, The National Assessment of IYCF policies, programmes and practices and National Food and Nutrition Policy (was still being reviewed in parliament).(MOPHS,2007/10).The rationale for the strategy accrued from among other issues, the increased evidence on interventions to promote exclusive breastfeeding and complimentary feeding practices being able to prevent about a fifth of under-five mortality rates in developing countries(Lancet,2003;MOPHS,2007/10). Nutrition is universally recognized as a childs right to enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health(UNICEF,2012).Based on the global strategy, an assessment of IYCF policies, programmes and practices was conducted in 2004.(Sagoe et.al,2012).Weaknesses were identified, hence leading to a suggestion of the need for a national programme focusing on IYCF, with high levels of advocacy if mothers and children were to practice exclusive breast and complementary feeding.This strategy evolved as a response to that assessment. The strategy would be mainly implemented through BFHI which promotes breastfeeding around the maternity ward during the time of delivery (Murage et.al,2013).It would call for increased political will, public investment and heightened awareness of the critical importance of IYCF amongst health workers, other professionals and community based care providers.(MOH,2007/10).Additionally, involvement of the government, families, communities and community based organisations(CBOs)in collaboration with international organisations and other concerned parties would ensure that necessary action is taken(MOH,2007). The monitoring and evaluation(ME) process would be achieved through: reviewing, developing and harmonizing monitoring and evaluation tools for IYCF; developing and installing software for IYCF at district level; all level monitoring of the National Communication Strategy on IYCF; developing and maintaining a data bank for the persons trained on IYCF/BFHI/code; developing ME tools for IYCF in difficult situations including HIV and Infant Feeding; regular review of IYCF strategy implementation, among many other evaluation strategies such as ME of the implementation of the communication strategy at all levels.(MOPHS,2007). Actors in a policy refers to individuals, organizations the state and their actions that affect policy(Buse.et.al,2012).They may try to influence policy at local, regional, national and international levels.Buse et.al(2012) further classifies the actors into: interest/pressure groups which refers to a type of civil society group that attempts to influence the policy to achieve specific goals; or civil society groups which refers to group or organization which is outside the government and beyond the family group.The actors who played different roles towards the formation of this strategy and were to be actively involved in the implementation included: the government; the non-governmental organisations and community based support groups; international organisations; industries and enterprises; professional associations, ministries, mass media and other groups and communities which includes parents and caregivers directly responsible for feeding children.(MOPHS,2007/10).These can be cl assified as either interest/pressure groups or the civil society groups. The power of international bodies and their influence on the development of this strategy is clearly depicted.Power as defined by Buse et.al,(2012) is the ability to influence and to control resources or the ability to achieve a desired outcome.Being a member of the WHO, Kenya had to comply to the guide it provided on IYCF by creating a National strategy, just like all the other member countries(Jones et.al,2013;Sagoe et.al,2012)),especially within the Sub-Saharan Africa, Asia and the Caribbean.The strategy also adopts the BFHI which was originally launched by WHO/UNICEF(1991) following the Innocenti Declaration, meant to promote exclusive breastfeeding (WHO/UNICEF,2009).A demonstration of the power emanating from WHO as a decision making process.(Dahl,1961 cited by Buse et.al,2012). Development of the strategy would involve using WHO/LINKAGES assessment tool to assess the policies and practices in the country, after which they would be rated after review by national stakeholders and the results used to create a interventions meant to address the gaps(Sagoe et.al,2012). A mixed scanning method of decision making was applied in the formation of the strategy.Mixed scanning would involve a sweep of the problem as a whole followed by a detailed analysis of the component parts(Etzoni,1967 cited by Buse et.al,2012).The Ministry Of Health ,at the national level was involved in assessments intended to quantify the levels of different IYCF practices.Whereas the Ministry Of Public Health And Sanitation(MOPHS)went further ahead to come up with different approaches towards addressing the issue e.g revitalizing BFHI, training all health officials on PMTCT(Prevention of Mother to child transfer);and renewing commitments to create an environment that enabled Kenyan women to practice optimal IYCF.Additionally,it would collaborate with other ministries and international stakeholders and NGOs towards fulfilment of the objectives of the strategy.Therefore working as a policy community. A Policy community is a recognizable subdivision of public policy making in which there is sustained interaction between participants through a web of formal and informal relationships(Buse.et.al,2012).It was demonstrated through participation and consultation among different key IYCF stakeholders; including the government, international bodies, non-governmental organisations and communities, steered by a technical working group under the auspices of National Infant Feeding Steering Committee(MOPHS,2007/10). A legislative framework that would help support and promote breastfeeding had to be set up in the formation of the strategy.The legislature refers to a body that enacts the laws that govern a country and oversees the executive.(Buse et.al,2012).Its roles would include, legislation to give effect to the aims and principles of the International Code Of Breast Milk Substitutes.Additionally,it would legislate towards protecting and supporting breastfeeding among working mothers.(MOPHS,2007/2010). Getting onto the agenda setting aspect of the IYCF strategy; Kingdons(1984) theoretical model of agenda setting(cited by Buse et.al,2012), would be much suitable in explaining how the Kenyan Strategy on IYCF became a major focus of government. Agenda setting is the process by which issues come into the policy agenda from the much larger number of issues potentially worthy of attention by policy makers.(Buse et.al,2012).Policy making is therefore viewed in agenda setting as responding to daily problems that need solutions.(Thomas and Grindle,1991 cited by Buse et.al,2012).The approach focuses on the role of policy entrepreneurs within and outside the government who utilize policy windows(agenda setting opportunities)to move issues onto the governments formal agenda.It is explained using 3 streams ;problem, policy and politics streams and the policy windows.Policy entrepreneurs promote their ideas into many different fora and invest time to ensure they are put onto the agenda.(Kingdon, 1995). Problem stream is defined as public matters that requires attention(Gulbrandson and Fossum,2009). With an emphasis that it only becomes a problem if identified by the decision makers besides other lists of problems presented.Chopra et.al 2009 acknowledges the existence of a huge gap in the level of political support that nutrition and infant feeding was able to achieve compared to other components of the Prevention of Mother To Child Transfer(PMTCT) programme.An explanation to the delay in implementation of the then, already existing IYCF policy and the pending approval of other existent nutritional programmes that would promote IYCF.The Ministry Of Public Health and Sanitation(MOPHS) was majorly involved in advocacy besides other nongovernmental organizations.The overwhelming evidence on malnutrition recorded by KDHS and Kenya Bureau of Statistics e.g 29.% stunting and 20.3% underweight children, data on huge reduction in EBF and decrease in BFHI by 70% (KDHS 2003;Lancet,2003) were the key indicators that evidenced the magnitude of the issue and the need for prompt government action. Implementing this strategy was Kenyas way of renewing its commitment to WHO, by adopting its 2006 consensus statements on HIV and infant feeding.It was also a major stakeholder and a potential source of funding.The policy stream consists of ongoing problem analysis, and their proposed solutions together with debates surrounding the problems.(Buse et.al,2012).The solutions should be easily available and promptly reachable by decisionmakers.(Guldbrandson and Fossum,2009). The strategy was drawn from national assessments of IYCF policies ,programmes and practices in the country(2004)and from consultative meetings with stakeholders.In addition to being harmonized with the National Food and Nutrition policy that was pending in the government at that time; it was intended as a guide of action based on accumulated evidence on importance of infant and child nutrition during their early months and years of life and for growth and development.(MOPHS,2007;Murage et.al,2013). The Kenyan Public Health Sanitation ministry then also had the expertise, technical and programme knowledge to rapidly improve Infant and Young Child Feeding indicators and to save lives.(MOPHS,2007/2010). Politics stream is defined as being composed of such events as national mood swings, government changes and campaigns by interest groups.(Buse et.al 2012;Guldbrandson and Fusson,2009).The year of 2007 was an elections and campaign year in Kenya.The then existing government had a strong intention to go for a second term.Cairney and Jones,(2015) describe this as an existence of both motive an opportunity in politics stream.Implementing the IYCF strategy during this period would be one of the moves to entice the public by showing attention to their problems.The strategy would provide a strong framework through which the government and other important stakeholders could contribute towards improvement of Kenyan childrens nutritional status through IYCF practices.(MOPHS,2007/10). The existence of an attention lurching problem(problem stream),with readily proposed solutions(policy stream) and a conducive and positive political environment that accepted and supported the strategy(politics stream) led to development of a policy window.An opportunity to develop the strategy in parliament and eventually its implementation. The Kenyan Ministry of Public Health and Sanitation(MOPHS-Kenya)would support this strategy by renewing its commitment to create an enabling environment for optimal IYCF(MOPHS,2007/10).It would also improve child survival by strengthening focus on IYCF through various ways like: advocating for enforcement and implementation of Maternity protection Provision in the Employment Act 2007 in all sectors; working with the attorney general and the Minister Of Justice and Constitutional Affairs to ensure enactment of a law that protects optimal IYCF; develop clear, consistent policies and guidelines; build the entire capacity of the public and private healthcare system to implement them, among many other key supportive tasks.(MOPHS,2007). Development of the IYCF strategy was a huge and commendable step in Kenya.Different factors are clearly outlined as having contributed towards its formation.Improvement infant and young child feeding practices, and maternal health being the core driving factors, besides adherence to WHO Global Strategy on IYCF.(MOPHS,2007/10).By 2012,Kenya was in its final stages of enacting the strategy.(Sagoe et.al,2012). The successive process of the strategy formation can be attributed to, the involvement of WHO/UNICEF, the intense collaboration between the Ministry of Health(MOH) and the MOPHS-Kenya together with other major national and international NGOs such as APHIA II Partners, World Vision Kenya among many others.(MOPHS,2007/10) Several significant achievements accrued from the implementation of this strategy include the 61% increase in EBF rates(KDHS,2014).Making Kenya among the handful of countries that have managed to achieve the WHA target of 50% EBF rates by 2025.Enactment of the Code of Marketing for breastmilk substitutes(Sagoe et.al,2012)and the development of various models like the BFHI and the Breast Feeding Community initiative(APHRC,2014) have greatly contributed towards achieving high EBF rates. A critical analysis of the strategy implementation process and the challenges pertaining to its implementation, an aspect my essay did not focus on; would be a clear and concise way of depicting the achievements of the strategy and the barriers faced on rolling out and implementation of its plans. TOTAL WORD COUNT-3,265.